Dynamic Tension Through Compression and Expansion Essay Example for Free

Dynamic Tension Through Compression and Expansion EssayElements with a directional quality placed in contrast to a static enclosure can infuse energy and drama. The implied energy can be manipulated to excite or surprise the perceiver while giving directional cues or emphasis to elements in space. Directional cues can clarify circulation, making navigation through space more comprehensible. Strong emphasis on elements in space can be achieved through contrasting the static with the dynamic. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564) * master of the use of dynamictension. The space is entered by ascending a monumental set of rivet stairs to the summit of a hill overlooking Rome. B. The perceiver is received in a trapezoidal piazza defined by three palaces symmetrically placed. C. The main building, Palazzo del Senatore terminates the axis approach. D. Palazzo dei Conservatori and Palazzo Nuovo flank the axis and frame the main building by widening toward the dominan t facade forming a wedge-shaped space.The three live were to contrast sharply in shape and articulation to reinforce their purposes. The vestibule is square in plan, the schooling room rectangular, and the rare books room was planned to be triangular. The constructed library was composed of the two parts A. Reading Room B. Vestibule The tall square vestibule contains a large monumental stair that leads to the reading room.The stair spills from the entrance of the reading room with a robust exaggeration of forms splitting in to three stairs at the landing. The stair fills the room, creating a reinforced directional quality in contrast to the non-directional square room. The accentuation of the tension between the enclosure and stair is by positioning the entrance to the room at ninety degrees to the directional thrust. Tension is introduced in the room by the treatment of the elaborate walls. Paired columns supported rather weak volute brackets are set between the plaster walls, giving the impression of great crush.The purpose of the said transition space is to establish a prelude experience of tension and compression in contrast to the restful reading room. Aubette (Strasbourg) PLAN Interior View Right Side eyeshade Interior View Left Side Elevation The building originally dates from the 13th century and between1765and1778substantially rebuilt by architectJacques Francois Blondeland then to serve as a military building. In the nineteenth century had the military share the building with a cafe, which was later covered.Use elements in the consideration of having dynamic tension in the interior Dynamic Elements 1. Walls by means of colors, shapes and diagonal lines 2. Ceiling by means of colors, shapes and diagonal lines Static Elements 1. Floor by means of color 2. Seating by means of placement of object The collection of paintings in 1803 founded the city of Strasbourg in 1869 in the Aubbette housed. Only the outer walls were preserved. Dynamic te nsion is achieved by the use of the rectangular shapes patterns placed in the wall accompanied y the use of different colors.

The Mending Wall Essay Example for Free

The Mending Wall EssayA stone wall separates the speakers property from his neighbours. In spring, the two diddle to walk the wall and jointly make repairs. The speaker sees no reason for the wall to be keptthere are no cows to be contained, upright apple and pine trees. He does not believe in walls for the sake of walls. The neighbor resorts to an old saying Good fences make good neighbors. The speaker remains unconvinced and mischievously presses the neighbor to look beyond the old-fashioned folly of such reasoning. His neighbor will not be swayed. The speaker envisions his neighbor as a living relic from a justifiably outdated era, an example of a dark-age mentality. But the neighbor simply repeats the saying.Review The image at the heart of Mending Wall is striking two men meeting on terms of civility to build a barrier between them. They do so out of tradition, out of habit. Yet the very earth conspires against them and makes their task Sisyphean. Sisyphus, you may reca ll, is the figure in Greek mythology condemned perpetually to push a bowlder up a hill, only to have the boulder roll down again. These men push boulders back on top of the wall yet just as inevitably, whether because of the hunters or sprites or at the invisible hand of nature, the boulders tumble down again. Still, the neighbors persist.The poem, thus, seems to be based on three themes barrier-building (segregation, in a sense), the doomed nature of this activity, and our persistence in this activity regardless. The speaker may dislike his neighbors pointless wall-building, may observe the activity with humorous indifference, but he himself goes to the wall at all clippings of the year to mend the damage done by hunters it is the speaker who contacts the neighbor at wall-mending time to set the annual appointment. Which person, then, is the real wall-builder?Looking at it from a different perspective, the building of walls, both literal and figurative, mark the very foundation o f society. Figuratively, rules and laws are walls rightness is the process of wall-mending. The ritual of wall maintenance highlights the dual and complementary nature of human society The rights of the individual are affirmed through the affirmation of new(prenominal) individuals rights. In this way the neighbors need for wall-mending seems justified.

Development of Air Compressor Lubrication

Development of line of business Compressor LubricationIn this project, the mission which needs to be pull throughed is to investigate the relentless root cause of such misery and to give useful recommendations which can help to avoid such failures in the reciprocating compressor under study in the future. An engine driven addendum demeanor compressor failed, the ancestrywave compressor is located in the Hawke workshop. The first tier give be to establish details about the compressor, the manufacturer and how the compressor works. Classification of compressors and casings give be besides discussed and of die hard the theory of unconscious process. Collecting components failed in order to be examined subsequently for the failure cause or causes this eitherow be held employ a variety of methods. NDE (non-distractive examination) or NDT (non-destructive rivuleting) is valuable way to use for preliminary inspection of the failed digresss without damaging it. DT (destr uctive test) is another way to instruct and inspect part entirely this inspection method appears from its pass water it lead do destructive ravish the tested parts which bequeath be no longer able to be used. Fatigue principles too will be showed. Studying all the above will gave a clear subject about the cause of the damage.Discussion of the probable causes for the failure hale be performed in the following chapters as well as the conclusion obtained from study conducted.1.1 Int celestial pole celluctionAir compressor producing is return for long metre past. The main idea of compressing reapingion line travel and discharge it used by the ancient in deferent ways. The first usage for the air compressor is increasing the combustion of furnace.The air compressor is upb abuting the heat of the furnace by bellowed nasty air to it. Moreover, the main products got from these furnaces are metals and weapons.Muscles were the main power source for the air compressor. The belo w call for a line shows the old air compressor. That large-minded of old air compressors still used in different productions.This project will investigate and analysis a failure happened in an air compressor. This investigating will be through in several(prenominal) ways to figure out the cause of the failure. Air compressor is a machine has the ability to compress the air and release it to convert the electrical power to kinetic energy to use it in several industrials and usages. Air compressor is consisting of many components. These components are electrical motor, plungers, air pump, air receiver, air drier, filters, air pressure level regulator and pressure switch.all(a) of these components will be discussed in details in the next chapters. on that point are withal faces of air compressor will be discussed later.1.2 BackgroundThe illustration which had here is a failure in an air compressor. From the first sight on the damage happened in it, it seems to be that the fail ure happened in the connecting rod and its obvious from the below figure number 3. This figure shows that the failure happened in the connecting rod from the ring part which affiliated to a crank guesswork. But the reason for this failure is unknown as there are several scenarios could be adopted. The first scenario is the fatigue is the reason for this failure. The secondment scenario is a very heavy pressure loaded to the compressor which led to that failure. These are the near expected scenarios which will be investigated later in this project to figure out the reason of the failure.1.3 Amis and objectivesAimsThe main aim of this graduation project is to investigate and discover the cause or the causes of failure of diesel engine driven auxiliary reciprocating air compressor made by Knorr-Bremse, rooml number is LP 4865. This will be achieved by carrying out the below objectives, once its achieved, the main aim of the project will be achieved.Project objectivesCollecting val uable knowledge about, model number is LP 4, this will include design of compressor, design of each part, construction materials of each part, proceeding principles, working theory, production ambit..etc. collecting data will help to recognize main failure cause, and accordingly to prepare new procedure to eliminate the problem, to come down the opportunity of failure occurrence in the future, use greater safety factor and to recognize the person or the entity answerable for failure and to make slue proofing for future avoidance of the failure. Collecting this background information is not limited to numbers only but it is should be extended to every deoxidiseg such as pictures, charts and graphs and samples. canvas operational parameters, history of operation, nature of operation..etc in order to be able to determine precisely the root cause of such failure and which failure mode it follows.Physical investigation or macroscopic inspection should be carried out. This mission i ncludes photo capturing, code of the product, model number, lot number, batch number and serial number. do compressor disassembly in order to dismantle each component, part, assemblies and sub-assemblies to perform through investigation and inspection of each. Its should be mentioned that necessary tests and analyses should be performed mainly the manufacturer normally has his own procedures and tests for test and inspection.2.0 Air CompressorWhat is the air compressor?Air compressor is a machine that converts electric power to kinetic energy (motion). This energy comes from pressurizing and compressing air. aft(prenominal) that, the compressed air goes into a chamber, and the air kept in the chamber by unidirectional valve. there are many types of compressors these types are reciprocating compressor, orbitual get it on compressor and outward- travel compressor. These types will be explained in details below.2.1 Reciprocating compressorReciprocating air compressor is positive d isplacement compressor. This compressor sucks a volume of air and presses it with postgraduate pressure. This pressure through by using a piston and cylinder as movement part and displacement part. The compressor could be wizard acting or double acting according to its accomplish by using one side or both side. When the pressure difference between the cylinder and the receiver became straight-laced, the valves open. Inlet valves open when the pressure in the cylinder is roughly below the intake pressure. Discharge valves open when the pressure in the cylinder is slightly above the discharge pressure. The compressor could be a single stage when the compression process done parallel.AdvantagesSimple design.Lower initial cost.Easy to install.High efficiency with 2 stages.No need for lubrication.Large range of horsepower.DisadvantagesMaintenance cost is racy.Many moving parts.Vibration problems.Foundation possibly requisite.Not running at full capacity all the time.2.2 Rotary scr ew compressorAlso Rotary air compressor is a positive displacement compressor. Single stage helical or spiral lobe oil flooded screw is the most common in rotary air compressor. This compressor is consisting of 2 rotors located in a case where the air is compressed internally without any valves. The cooling for these compressors done by oil. As the cooling for the working parts happened inside the compressor, this type of compressor will not experience over heat imputable to operation, so it could hold up without stop. Due to the simple design of the rotary screw compressor and its parts it can be keeped easily and installed any where could handle its static weight. The 2 stages rotary air compressor uses 2 rotors with a combined air end. This 2 rotors installed in series to share the compression. This raise up the efficiency with 50%. This 2 stage rotary compressor combined the maximum profit from the rotary screw with its simplicity and flexibility and the reciprocating compres sor with its effective energy when it works 2 stages with double acting. The 2 stages of this compressor could be cooled by water, air or oil. The cooling system for this compressor could be oil, air and water.AdvantagesSimple design.Low initial cost.Low maintenance cost.Good efficiency at 2 stages.Easy to install.Few moving parts.Common in use.DisadvantagesLimited liveliness for airend.Service for airend couldnt be done at field.High rotational speeds. essential be oil lubricated.Single stage has low efficiency.2.3 Centrifugal compressorThe centrifugal air compressor is a dynamic compressor that depends on transfer of energy from a rotating impeller to the air. This done by changing the airs momentum and pressure. By slowing the air in stationary diffuser the momentum converted to pressure. This compressor is oil free compressor. There is a separation between the lubricated oil and air by shaft seals and atmospheric vents. Where the high volume of dry air is required a centrifugal compressor is the proper compressor as it has a few moving parts and could operate continuously.2.4 Rotary Sliding Vane CompressorsRotary sliding Vane Compressor is in like manner a positive displacement compressor. This type of compressor is consisting of rotor and stator and eight blades. Between the intake and exhouset valves a cresent shape formed by the location of the rotor and stator. The compression achieved by one complete rotation as the volume changed from the maximum to minimum. Vanes are pushed outward against the stator walls. Injecting oil from the intake valve and along the stator wall to cool the air and make a sealing between the stator wall and vans and also to lubricate bearings. So that a filtration system must(prenominal)(prenominal) be installed to separates the oil from the compressed air.AdvantagesSimple design.Easy to install.Low cost.Maintenance cost is low.Reliable.Few moving parts.DisadvantagesSingle stage.Low efficiency.Must lubricate with oil. tro uble nigh with over pressure.2.5 Main Component of Air compressor in generalThe system could be installed in 2 methods. The first method is where air drier onward receiver tank. The second method is where the air drier after the receiver tank. These components will explained in details in the below paragraph.Receiver tank From its name receiver tank is a tank that receives the discharged air. It helps to forestall rapid compressor cycling by providing a storage capacity. The advantage for the receiver tank is cut down the wear and tear in motor, inlet control system and compression module. It also eliminate the flow pulsing.Air Dryers there are 3 types of air bone dry(predicate). The main objective for air sunbakeds is to dry the air to prevent rust and wearing in the air compressor components and discharge line. These types areRefrigerated air dryers This dryer used a mechanical technique to remove moisture from compressed air and cooling it and condense water.Desiccant dryers This dryer is absorbing water desiccation by using utilizes chemical drops called desiccant. The common desiccants used in this dryer are silica gel, molecular sieve and activated alumina.Deliquescent air dryers This type of dryer using desiccant to dry compressed air. The wetness in the compressed air reacted with the absorption material and turned into liquid which drained from the dryer. This process could be corrosive so the corrosion check has to be done.Filters Filters are installed to remove the lubricants and water from the compressed air. It could be installed downstream at refrigerated air dryer or upstream at desiccant dryer. The most common in filters is coalescing filter.But this filter it only can remove liquid and water which contribute been previously condensed.Piping Distribution systems Piping distribution system is controlling in how the compressed air go out to the tools and also determined the required energy for the air compressor.2.6 The reciprocating air c ompressor (knorr-bremse, model lp 4865)The main study object in this project as said before is to study the reciprocating air compressor (knorr-bremse lp 4865). By searching the internet and try to get information about the air compressor which needed to complete this study but unfortunately the required information couldnt be found except its maximum pressure 12 bar and volume 460 . So the general information about the reciprocating air compressor will be mentioned kinda of the specific air compressor.There are 9 main parts for the reciprocating air compressor these parts areCrank case Crank case is a close rigid body where the crank shaft and the bearing house where located. This body could by rectangular or square shape. Mainly crank case formed by using cast iron.Crank Shaft Crank shaft in one of the most important parts in air compressor. It is a motion transferor. It intentional as one piece has balance in its dynamics and tries to avoid any twisting. To ensure a long life sentence for bearings, the polishing and crank pin will be done. Generally crank shafts have a fly wheel. This crank shaft manufactured mainly of high grade S.G iron.Connecting rod This part is responsible of transfer the motion from the crank shaft to the piston and changing the direction from the rotating motion come from the crank shaft into reciprocating motion in piston. This part is mainly forged of alloy steel.Bearings Bearings are made to provide the rotating gear with rigidity. Its mainly manufactured of copper lead alloy. hybridizing slide to get a perfect running for cross head, this part is responsible for reduce the inertia. This part is commonly manufactured of high grade S.G. iron. cylinder This part is where the air flow passes and compressed. Cylinders are manufactured with water jacket to reduce the generated heat from the compression process. This cylinder mainly made of cast iron. plumbers helpers Piston is the main part in the compression process, which move for ward to compress the air and backward to intake a new air amount to compress. There are 2 types of piston according to its lubrication system, the first type is non-lubricated which made from atomic number 13 alloy, and the second type which is lubricated is made from cast iron. Due to moving of piston in the cylinder, so there must a space exist between them, to ensure there is no leak happened for air a piston rings located on piston.Piston rod Piston rod is this rod which connects the piston to the connecting rod. The piston rod is manufactured of alloy steel. using up and discharge valves These valves are responsible for the amount of air sucked or discharged. When the piston in the retraction position the suction valve open to allow the air to get in. when the piston move forward and reach the maximum pressure the discharge valve open. These 2 valves are adjusted to be opened and closed according to the pressure difference between inside the cylinder and the outside. These val ves are made from stainless steel even a plate type or spring type.2.7 Air Compressor LubricationDue to the operation of the air compressors which have different moving parts, a friction must be occurring. This friction generates heat and not just that it leads to part wearing which probably lead to a failure. And some time a kind of sealing need to be installed to prevent the compressed air from leaking. All of these reasons lead to using lubrication. Oil lubrication is a must in air compressors to overcome all above problems. The lubrication method could be different from type to another, but the main idea is to prevent the friction between moving parts like lubricate the bearings, or at the same time in some cases like reciprocating air compressor it also works like sealing between the cylinder wall and the piston. The problem in lubricate the air compressor is the selection of the proper oil. The selected oil must be industrial oil with high quality and matching the operation re quirements. The surround of where the compressor will be installed is one of the parameter of selecting the lubrication oil, if the environment is too cold and the temperature is low the frizzing point, an anti-frizz oil must be use. If the environment is too hot oil with high viscosity and ability to heat opponent must be used. All of these restrictions must be considered while selecting the lubricant.These are the main idea of lubrications but the implementation is different according to each type of air compressor. The lubrication system changes from one type of air compressor to another according to the operation theory of it.3.0 Quality assurance for the manufacturing processAir compressors are designed to work in both the industrial and the privet fields, it designed to press gas or pressured air. During the air compressor operations leak or failure maybe happened and this will lead to a serious damage. The quality assurance purpose is to guarantee if the production is safe a nd ready to use or if rejected and have defects. This operation done by two methods the first one is the destructive test which meaning that the tested object will be destructed and no longer could be used and this type used in the initial design and on the first production to be sure of it. The second test is called the non-destructive test (NDT) which means we can make our test and be sure if the production is good to use or not without destructing the production. This type (NDT) what we are going to focus on because its the most common method in inspection.The definition of the NDT is its a test methods used to examine an object without impairing its future usefulness. There are a several methods in NDT used likeVisualMicrowaveThermographTap testingX-rayMagnetic particlesAcoustic MicroscopyAcoustic emissionMagnetic measurements fluent penetrateUltrasonicFlux LeakageEddy currentReplicationLaser interferometerAll of the above methods are used in NDT, but in our case we will go to use the common methods and try to clarify its operation and how to use.Visual inspection It the most common and basic inspection method. In this method we can use fiberscope, bore scopes, magnifying glasses and mirrors. Another technology could be used as electronic microscopes have the ability to enter the undertake places inside the air compressor.Magnetic Particle Inspection This inspection could be done by magnetize the inspection part. After that coloured particles of iron cover the inspection area. These particles of iron will spread to the magnetic flux and show the discontinuity area. By applying the proper light this inspection could be checked by visual.splinedflour skiagraphy To perform this check a shot waves with high energy is used. Radioactive source or X-ray machine could generate such waves. The part which will be tested will be located between the radiation source and a film. This part will prevent some of the radiation. Thick areas will stop more waves. This will lead to variation on the film darkness the thick part will be less dark and the thin or cracked part will be more darker.RAD1CastingCastingRadEddy Current Testing This type of test is used to discover the crakes on the surfaces. It also could be used to test the thickness of coating of the surfaces.eddy.PNGUltrasonic Inspection To use this test a high frequency sound wave is apply to the surface of the part. These waves are reflected waves which will be reflected from any crack inside the material. This sound wave are reflected into the device which will show the reflection time on a gage this gage could show the depth of the crack by time of reflection. It could also be connecting to a computer by using a computer program which will draw a diagram of the part and the crack location.Liquid Penetrate Inspection To apply this type of test a liquid with high moistening spread over the tested part and gave time to leak into the crakes. After that the rest of liquid is removed from the surface. After that a special powder spread over the surface to get the stuck liquid out from the crack. The crack will appear and could be discovers by eye. To gain the sensitivity and accuracy of this test it could be done under ultra violet light.For the above types of NDT there is some common application where they also could be usedInspection of Raw ProductsForgings.Castings.Extrusions.Inspection Following Secondary ProcessingMachining.Welding.Grinding.Heat treating.Plating.In-Services Damage InspectionCracking.Corrosion.Erosion/Wear.Heat Damage.3.1 FatigueThe metier of the product is the most important safety factor. To be sure that the product will be safe and could stand the applied loads safety factor must be added to the design. During the operation, parts experience a non-constant loads which lead failure along with time.Fatigue could be defined as a failure happened cod to a rapid variation in loads, but without any of this load variations exceed the maximum load. Th is type of failure happened commonly in metallic materials not only but also in different materials. There are 3 stagers for Fatigue, these stages are1. Initial crack.2. Propagation of crack.3. Final fracture.3.2 How to analysis fatigue to prevent itComponent material and stress field are the main 2 principals that govern the amount of time needed for crack to start and spread criminate a failure. There are 3 main methods to calculate the fatigue time, these method areSN manner To predict a fatigue life for a part stress life approach could be used. This method gave the fatigue life for the object. This method is depending on the calculation of varying elastic strength so it couldnt be applied to low fatigue cycle. But this type of test is very accurate at high fatigue cycles.EN Method This method is using plastic stress to calculate not only the fatigue life but also the crack penetration. The advantage of this method is that it could be used for calculating the fatigue in low li fe cycle and plastic life cycle also.LEFM Method Linear Elastic Fracture mechanism is used to calculate crack growth rates. This approach assumes that a crack is already present and predicts crack growth with respect to the stress intensity at the crack tip.3.3 Fatigues in AluminiumFrom previous fatigue studies done on aluminium, it seems to be that aluminium is a very good material with high resistance to fatigue. These studies which done on a certain alloy of aluminium, but in general the heat treatment for aluminium lead to a world-shattering in the fatigue life. Heat treatment also give aluminium high strength, excellent toughness and reasonable ductile. The crack initial behaviour of aluminium took place from the surface just like many metals and alloys.3.4 Aluminium PropertiesTo be familiar with Aluminium some properties must be considered and known, these properties areYoungs Modulus 70 GPa. ductileness Malleability High.Hardness 420 MPa.Density Low 2700 kg / cubic metre.Me lting Point 660.32 C Boiling Point 2519 C.Electrical Resistivity Low 2.65 x 10-8 Ohm metres.Reflectivity High 71% unpolished and when polished 97% .All of these properties gave a clue that Aluminium is the metal of the modern world. With its strong, lightweight, ductile and reflective it could be used for several industries and accomplish a great results.4.0 Problem AnalysisThe first problem in this study is that damage which happened in the connecting rod from ring which connected with crack shaft. As said in the background, there are 2 scenarios leads to this damage. The first scenario is a fatigue accrues in the connecting rod with lead to this damage as it couldnt stand the motion and the pressure any more. The second scenario is an excessive pressure more than the maximum pressure which could be hold by the compressor. At the same time a malfunction in the discharge happened, and this could be taken in consider as it must opened at slightly below the maximum pressure. In both s cenarios, the damage in the connecting rod lead to another greater damage in the piston and the cylinder, as the piston start to move in non-liner motion and burgeon forthting the cylinder wall. This leads to a serious damage in the compressors piston and cylinder.The second problem is gathering the information about the air compressor Knorr-Bremse Lp 4865. This problem happened as the manufactured company keep the information about this compressor not listed and its material and properties to figure out the reason of the damage, maybe by knowing its maximum pressure or material type to check the fatigue on it.4.1 Problem SolutionAfter studying all sercomestances and what happened during the failure happened, it seems that the failure happened due to a serious fatigue which is not noticed in a previous time. This fatigue happened to the aluminium alloy which connecting rod made from. An analysis done for the particles and it shows that the particles is consist of 88% aluminium. Thi s gave a thought about how serious was the fatigue in this movable part. As the connecting rod is responsible for transfer the power and motion from crank shaft to the piston, it experiences a load variation all the operation time. A crack must happened time ago on the surface of the connecting rod and it start to spread and choose the weakest area which is the ring where the crank shaft is hinged. This particular area is the weakest area in connecting rod as the thickness reduced to attach the crank shaft.To overcome the second problem a deeply internet search is made with trying to tactual sensation with the manufactured company through their website www.knorr-bremse.com, but with no result. So another technique implemented, which is gathering common information about reciprocating air compressor and its common parts and materials. This could be useful but not accoutre. There are 2 appendices attached to the project which have some data about the parts and how to maintain it gath ered from the company itself.4.2 ResultsAs a final result of this project, the damage which happened in the connecting rod accusing damage on the rest of parts is happened due to a fatigue. After the fatigue weak the connecting rod it reached a phase that the connecting rod couldnt stand any load. Just after the failure the piston starts to hit the cylinder wall, which accuses the obvious damage on the piston and the piston rings. To prevent such a failure in the future a regular check must be done for the concerning parts as scheduled in the producers manual. A life time calculation for all parts must also be done and make the replacement in its time. These procedures are going to prevent such a failure to happen again.

Psychology and Personality Of The Abuser

Psychology and Personality Of The maltreaterPsychology and Personality of the Abuser and AbusedAbstractDomestic violence is the act of harassing an intimate or prior intimate. Domestic violence is a widespread problem through out(p) the earth with woman and children being the most at risk. Most maltreaters suffer from various some whizzality disorders ranging from paranoid record disorder to fickle soulfulnessality disorder. When a person is handle for a prolonged period of condemnation the Stockholm Syndrome may move up with the abused becoming attached mentally and emotionally to the abuser. Seeking for superior help may be difficult to attain, because both, the abuser and the abused, bequeath non admit their problem. Having law enforcement agencies coerce the abuser to go for therapy may be the however way to end the cycle of abuse. However, once the abuser is in therapy a variety of methods may be used ranging from medications such as Prozac to demeanoural modifica tion techniques.Domestic ViolenceDomestic violence is the harassment and abuse of one human to another human. It includes any hurtful or unwanted behavior perpetrated upon an individual by an intimate or prior intimate. These abuses consort from physical beatings, emotional torture, mental abuse, sexual abuse, menace of violence, denial of necessities such as pabulum and shelter. In the event where there are children involved the abuse may be coupled with additional torture, such as denial of custody of the children, data track away with the children, and the fear of harming the children (Facts Stats, n.d.).FrequencyIn a study conducted by Heise, Ellsberg Gottemoeller (1999) they reported that as much as thirty three percent of women worldwide, go out be beaten, raped, coerced into sex, or otherwise be involved in a dispute of domestic violence during their lifetime. The US Department of Justice (2005) estimates that every devil and a half minutes an incident of domestic vi olence occurs within the United States, and intimately two thirds of these assaults are conducted by someone who is familiar with the victim. singer et al reports that each year up to ten trillion children experience some course of study domestic violence (Singer et al p. 104).Most at insecurity GroupsShipway (2006) concluded that the groups most at risk are fraught(p) women. In a study conducted in East London, fifteen percent of pregnant women interviewed reported being assaulted during their pregnancy. Of these, just about forty percent reported that it started while they were pregnant, and thirty percent reported that at some time they suffered a spontaneous abortion as a result of the violence (p 57). Another group being very vulnerable to domestic violence is children. Studies suggest that approximately ten million children are exposed to domestic violence annually (Family Violence Prevention Fund).Personality of AbuserNorman (2007) postulates that most abusers result h ave some openhearted of paranoid personality disorder. It will also be accompanied by suspiciousness, jealousy and envy against the other partner. In many instances a person with a paranoid personality disorder may believe that everyone is out to get them, and this will only fuel their violence. It will also be used as an excuse to justify beatings and other abuses committedIn addition, when a stressful situation arises, a person with a paranoid personality disorder will not analyze a particular problem with logic. Instead, they will blame others for the situation. Blaming others will further give them some kind of mental excuse to permit out their heat against others.People with a paranoid personality disorder are also constantly accusing their partner in doing things they are not doing. They may accuse their partner of cheating, plotting against them with others. They may also coerce a partner in acting and thinking as they do, and if the partner resists in safe salveing their i ndependency they may lash out carminely, verbally and sometimes physically (Norman 2007 Paranoid personality disorder)Another personality disorder described by Norman (2007) is which may act as a precursor for domestic violence is explosive personality disorder sometimes referred to as intermittent explosive disorder. Explosive personality disorder falls into the category of impulse-control disorders. People with explosive personality disorder are unable to control aggressive or violent impulses. What is more troubling is the fact that once these people act out the aggressive impulses, they feel a sense of relief neertheless, in most instances they repent that the incidence occurred altogether. People with explosive personality disorder will express their aggressive impulse through a variety of violent behaviors they may range from physical assault on others to committing homicide. Sometimes these people may afflict damage upon themselves too and may attempt to commit suicide (N orman 2007 Explosive personality disorder).Mindset of AbusedOne of the most intriguing phenomenons that psychologists must deal with is when people are abused for a prolonged period of time they may become mentally and emotionally attached to their abusers. So much so, they are unwilling to let go of the abuser, and are angry with anyone who wants to separate them form the abuser. This phenomenon is called the Stockholm syndrome.Stockholm SyndromeThe term Stockholm Syndrome was coined in 1973, to describe the puzzling reaction of four bank employees who were kidnapped. Three women and one man were taken warrantor in one of the largest banks in Stockholm, and were held there for six days by two ex-convicts who while threatening their lives showed them some acts of kindness. On the sixth day when the law of nature at long last drilled a hole through the roof of the vault where they were kept and sprayed tear gas through the opening the hostage takers finally gave up. As soon as the hostage takers gave up the police shouted to the hostages to come out before the hostages. But here a strange thing happened. reporter Daniel Lang (1974) reportsThere was no movement in the vault. The hostages kept their ground, rejecting rescue. Defiant, Kristin (one of the hostages) shouted back, No, Olsson and Clark (the two captors) go first youll gun them drop if we do Startled, the would-be liberators hesitated, then finally opened wide the outer door and made way for Olsson and Clark (the two captors). As they stood framed in the doorway, the convicts and hostages quickly, abruptly embraced each other, the women kissing their captors, Sven (one of the hostages) shaking work force with them. Their farewells over, all six walked out of the vault, Olsson and Clark (the two captors) in the lead (Lang p. 114).Even when they were taken by the police and put into ambulances, the hostages go along to be concerned about their former captors. One of the hostages wondered what was happening to them and expressed the wish the whatever was being done for us should be done to them. Another hostage refused to lie down on her stretcher. She sat up, searching for her captors. When she saw one of her former captors being worked over by the police, she yelled to him, Clark, Ill see you again (Lang p. 114)Following their release, the hostages continued to see the police as their enemy and their captors as their protectors who gave them life. One hostage accused psychiatrists of trying to brainwash her so as to turn her against her captors. One of the hostages seek to find hatred towards the captors but couldnt he instead began to investigate what life is like in prison, and what his captors were doing. (Lang 1974 p. 120)Approximately one year after the ordeal, one of the hostages visited one of the captors in jail after having experienced a powerful impulse to do so. She refused to tell anyone what they discussed. According to U.S. News and World Report reporter sh ot Annin (1985), two of the women hostages later became engaged to the captors.Precursors of Stockholm SyndromeGraham (1987) found that bounding to an abuser or captor occurred under a certain set of conditions perceived threat to selection perceived kindness isolation, and the perceived inability to escape.Perceived Threat to SurvivalWhile most people view physical violence as a more serious offense than psychological abuse, the threat of physical violence is more psychologically debilitating than the actual violence. The psychological effect of chronic mental abuse is the most likely precursor to cause the syndrome. When a person lives in constant fear of being abused and they dont know if the person knocking on the door, calling on the phone, turning into the driveway or waiting around the corner will kill them, they will eventually develop an emotional bond to their aggressor for the mere fact that they did not kill them up until now. This emotional bond is the abuses psycholo gical mechanism that this will hopefully twine the abuser not to harm them (Graham 1987 p. 34).Perceived KindnessA person whose survival is threatened perceives kindness differently then a person whose survival is not threatened. For instance, a small kindness one that likely would not be noticed under conditions of safety appears huge under conditions of threat and/or debilitation (Graham 1987 p. 35). Angela Browne (1987) reports that some battered women experience the cessation of violence by their partners as show of kindness. Therefore, when this situation continues for a prolonged period of time, the abused person may begin to perceive the abuser as a kind person (Browne 1987 p. 81).IsolationIsolation is also a key cistron and a strong precedent to the Stockholm syndrome. For example, a wife batterer will isolate his wife from her family. He will only permit his wife to view as ties with her family if he sees that her family is sending her the message that they will not be come involved in her married life.Abusers use a variety of strategies to isolate their victims. One of the master(prenominal) strategies is to discourage their victims from telling others who might help them if told about the abuse. A common threat is that they will kill them or their children if they dare tell anybody the truth about the abuse (Graham 1987 p. 35).Perceived Inability to EscapeAn abuser will usually use violence or the threat of violence to prevent the escape of the abused. For instance, an abuser will threaten that they will kill them if they leave, for if they leave them they wont have anyway what to lose in life. However, outsiders dont know of the threats, for the abused wont tell anybody of it out of fear of being harmed by the abuser (Graham 1987 p. 36).Psychodynamics Underlying Stockholm Syndrome Graham (1987) postulated that the confluence of the four precursor conditions could be seen as giving rise to the psychodynamics that number for the apparently biza rre behaviors of people exhibiting the Stockholm Syndrome. Graham (1987) further hypothesized that the following psychodynamics underlie the Stockholm Syndrome.An abuser terrorized a victim, who cannot escape, by threatening their physical or psychological survival. Because of the terrorization, the victim needs nurturance and protection, and because the victim is isolated from other, they must turn to the abuser for nurturance and protection. Moreover, because of the need of for emotional support and the will to survive, and since there appears to be no ways and means for the victim to escape further terrorization, the victim actively searches for closeness and expressions of kindness, empathy and affection from the abuser. If the victim perceives that kindness from the abuser, they become hopeful that the abuser will eventually end the abuse.With the perception of kindness and hope, the victim denies any feeling of danger, terror and rage that the abuser creates. This denial occur s because the terror and thus danger is experienced as overwhelming, and if the victim should express any disagreement against the abuser, they may be punished physically and/or mentally. Thus, they deny their true emotions and focus their attention to keep the abuser happy, so they not terrorize them more. If this phenomenon continues for a prolonged period of time, Graham concludes that it may lead to the Stockholm Syndrome (Graham 1987 p. 38).TherapyTherapy for domestic violence is very tricky. Norman (2007) suggests that therapy should be concentrated on the abuser, for it will be easier to deal with the abuser then the abused. Although he admits that this too is also very hard, for the abuser will never admit that they have a problem. Furthermore, because of their personality disorders, they dont trust anyone including a psychologist. However, when they are being coerced by the legal system to undergo therapy, Prozac has been proven to be the best treatment for paranoid persona lity disorder (PPD), and for explosive personality disorder (EPD) the best treatment will be medication accompanied with behavioural modification techniques (Norman 2007 Explosive personality disorder paranoid personality disorder).ReferencesAnnin, P. (1985, July 8). Hostages Living in the aftermath. U.S. News and World Report, (44), 99.Browne, A. (1987). When battered women kill. New York Free Press. Fact Stats. (n.d.). knead Around (facts stats). Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http//www.turnaroundinc.orgFamily violence prevention fund. (n.d.). The facts on children and domestic violence. Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http//www.endabuse.org/resources/facts/Children.pdfGraham, D. L. R. (1987). Loving to survive sexual terror mens violence and womens lives. New York New York University Press.Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., Gettermoeller, M. (1999). Ending Violence Against Women (Series L ed.) Pamphlet.Lang, D. (1974, November 25). A reporter at large The bank drama. THe New Yorker, pp. 56 126.Norman, J. (2007). Explosive personality disorder. In Bella online the voice of women. Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http//www.bellaonline.com/art26981.aspNorman, J. (2007). Paranoid personality disorder and domestic violence. In Bella online the vioce of women. Retrieved April 6, 2007, from http//www.bellaonline.com/articles/art.47612.aspShipway, L. (2006, March). Domestic violence and abuse specific at-risk grpups. Prctice Nurse, 31(6), 56.Singer, M. I., Miller, D. B., Guo, S., Slovak, K., Frieson, T. (1998). The mental health consequences of the exposure to domestic volence. Cleveland Western Reserve University.US Department of Justice. (2005). Retrieved April 8, 2007, from http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htmShipway, L. (2006, March). Domestic violence and abuse specific at-risk groups. Practice Nurse, 31(6), 56.Singer, M. I., Miller, D. B., Guo, S., Slovak, K., Frieson, T. (1998). The mental health consequences of the exposure to domestic violence. Cleveland West ern Reserve University.

Intelligent Public Transport System Design

thinking(a) Public Transport System DesignAn scintillating Public Transport System for tonic CityGurnoor Walia, Kuljit KaurAbstract Road safety has changed into a main subject for governments and automobile manufacturers in the last decade. The advancement vehicular technologies has privileged researchers, institutions and companies to target their efforts on improving driveway safety. new kinds of vanes, much(prenominal) as for instance Vehicular Ad Hoc intercommunicates (VANETs), have now been knowing to assist discourse amid vehicles themselves and between vehicles and infrastructure. keen cities embrace keen transaction management in which data from the Traffic Information Centre (TIC) infrastructures might be accessible at either point. In this paper we have listed the details of various features relating to intelligent transportation system.INTRODUCTIONCities are complex, net incomeed and continuously changing social ecosystems, shaped and transformed through wi th(predicate) the interaction of different interests and ambitions. Cities represent a promise for future years a vision of creativity, opportunity, freedom and prosperity. More than half of the global population has wrick urban and surveys estimate this percentage may even grow towards 70% in 2050 2. The services are increasingly enabled by b itineraryband infrastructures, Internet-based mesh network topologyed applications, wireless demodulator networks, open data and open platforms. Within the last decade digital technologies have begun to cover our cities, working together to make the backbone of a big, intelligent infrastructure. Wireless telecommunications grids and broadband fiber-optic are supporting refreshed phones, mobile phones and tablets which fuck be increasingly affordable. Add to this foundation a uncompromisingly ripening network of sensors and digital control technologies such as quick-witted meters, all tied together by inexpensive, powerful computers and our cities are quickly fitting ilk computers in open air3.Smart CityA smart metropolis use digital technologies to boost the performance and wellbeing, to decrease costs and resource consumption, and overly to engage more successfully and actively with its citizens. The core smart sectors comprise energy, health care, transport, water and waste. It should be able it to respond more rapidly to necessarily of a urban center and global challenges than one with a simple transactional association with its people.Interest in smart cities is motivated by major challenges, including economic restructuring, temper change, ageing populations, the move to online retail and entertainment, and pressures on public finances.4 The terms intelligent city and digital city are also apply. 56.According to IEEE A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following characteristics smart cities, a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environment, smart people, sm art living, and smart governance.7.1.3 Intelligent Transportation SystemAs India plans to take a leap forward with approval for smart cities, intelligent transportation is a must have technology. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are applications which, without embodying intelligence as such, intend to offer innovative services relating to barter management and different modes of transport and enable users to be frequently better informed and make safer, more synchronized, and smarter use of transport networks.Intelligent transport systems differ in technologies used, from basic management systems such as traffic signal control systems car navigation container management systems automatic number plate recognition variable center signs or speed cameras to observe such applications, such as security CCTV systems and to more complex applications that combine live data and feedback from numerous sources, such as weather information lay advocate and information systems bridge de-icing (US deicing) systems etc.INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEM USING VANETsThe development of new vehicular technologies has shifted companies, researchers and institutions to focus their efforts on improving road safety. The ontogeny in wireless technologies has allowed researchers to behavior communication systems w present vehicles directly take part in the network. Thus networks such as for instance VANETs are produced to facilitate communication between vehicles themselves and between vehicles and road side unit (infrastructure). Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a technology which uses moving cars as nodes in a network to make a mobile network 10.VANETs are becoming a useful consideration due to the various main(prenominal) applications related to traffic dogmatic road safety. Smart cities saturated in traffic want to minimize their transportation problems due to the increasing population that results in congested roads. VANET helps to fix this come on by improving vehic les mobility and also helps at having more secured and sophisticated cities. VANETs issue easier communication facility among vehicles and also with set(p) infrastructure. This can not merely mitigate the trail safety, only also gives benefits commercially.Pollution reduction, accidents prevention, congestion reduction and safer roads are some of the benefits of VANETs. The development of an efficient system in VANETs has m some(prenominal) important benefits, to the traffic police as well as to the number one woods. Proper traffic alerts and modifyd information about traffic incidents will make safe driving, increase road safety and reduce the traffic jams in the city. It also helps to indentify where the traffic rules are violated. Furthermore, it also helps economically real- snip traffic alerting will reduce trigger time and fuel consumption and at that placefore decrease pollution as well 11. So it is definitely beneficial in many ways.TECHNIQUES FOR IMPELMENTING VARIOU S ASPECTS OF VANETSThe smart city can utilize VANETs by having intelligent traffic lights (ITLs) set in the crossroads of a city. These ITLs gathering traffic information (e.g. traffic density) from the limiting vehicles, updating traffic statistics (congestion) of the city and reporting those statistics to the vehicles to delay that vehicle can select the very best path that is congestion free. Also, ITLs will send exemplification messages to vehicles in case accident occurs to prevent further collisions. As 14, the proposal manages traffic information to be able to avoid accidents, though the information here is gathered from the vehicles themselves so no more infrastructure is needed. Also the system could easily be utilized by the traffic information centre to style an adaptive traffic light system similar to 12 and 13. The bidd system architecture 16 is as shown in figure 4.Figure 4. The proposed System architecture 16 with intelligent traffic lightsIt is assumed that vehic les have a global positioning system (GPS), aboard unit, full map information of the city including the exact position of the each ITL, to ensure that vehicles can very quickly select the near ITL. Warning message is of three types yellow circle indicates that vehicle is independent and not communicating with every(prenominal) other vehicle, green circle indicates communication is made and messages transition is certainly going on red and signal indicates two vehicles come closer and there could be the chances of collision as shown in figure 4.Inter-vehicular communication is presented based on an adaptive traffic signal control system 12. This system reduces the waiting time of the vehicles at the square also results in decrease in waiting time at the signal. To realize this system, the concept of clustering is used to get in the data of the vehicles coming towards the carrefour.System that takes the control finalitys based on the information coming from the vehicles is very w ell described by the authors 13. Every vehicle is weaponed with a short range communication device and controller nodes are placed in the intersection with traffic lights. This controller node at intersection acts as adaptive control signal system.In 12 and 13 two adaptive traffic light systems based on wireless communication between vehicles and fixed controller nodes deployed at squares are designed. Both systems improve traffic fluency, reduce the waiting time of vehicles at squares and help to avoid collisions.The work in 14 is a survey about multifunctional data driven intelligent transportation system, which collects a large amount of data from various resources Vision-Driven ITS (input data collected from video sensors and used recognition including vehicle and pedestrian detection) Multisource-Driven ITS (e.g. inductive-loop detectors, laser radar and GPS) Learning-Driven ITS (effective prediction of the occurrence of accidents to enhance the safety of pedestrians by reduci ng the impact of vehicle collision)and Visualization-Driven ITS (to help decision makers quickly identify abnormal traffic patterns and accordingly take necessary measures). But, it requires large amount of memory to stores the videos.The e-NOTIFY 15 system was designed for automatic accident detection, which sends the message to the Emergencies Center and assistance of road accidents using the capabilities offered by vehicular communication technologies. The e-NOTIFY system combines both V2V and V2I communications to efficiently notify an accident situation to the visualize Center.A proficiency of finding water-logging-prone areas is given in 8. This recognition technique is principally based on the following steps. (i) Prediction of locations of low valleys in a sound prone 2D curve. (ii) Confidence score obtained from the calculation of valley area. The proposed solution could easily be integrated with participatory sensing for smart cities. If the smart-phone users voluntarily submit the GPS information received in their hand-held devices, the same can be used for water logging zone calculation. This can help the city authority to create a dynamic water logging prone map of the entire city.In 9 researchers propose a radically different road pricing scheme to avoid and decrease the traffic congestion in metropolises. Unlike designating a small congestion charge zone in an area, they propose to employ a road pricing system over the entire city. Thus, the road pricing system can control the traffic flow in the whole traffic network of the city. Furthermore, the road costs are adjusted dynamically on the basis of the instantaneous traffic densities of every road in the city in order torapidly and efficiently control the traffic flow and to prevent the traffic congestion. geographical source routing is just a promising routing technique for VANETs, because adaptability for network dynamics and ability to take care of topology holes. In traditional geographical source routing algorithms a best-known neighbor, usually the neighbor nearest to another junction in a greedy fashion, is designated as the following hop. This method may cause two drawbacks (1) the designated neighbor mightnt have the packet decent and (2) non-neighbor nodes are never given opportunities to complete forwarding. In 1,two problems are solved by introducing the thought of opportunistic routing to geographical source routing. A new routing protocol, named Geographical Opportunistic Source Routing (GOSR), is developed. GOSR allows non-neighbor nodes as well as the best-known neighbor to become forwarder. The notification cost of opportunistic routing is minimized by enforcing a chain of mountains from which candidate forwarders are selected. Defer timers are adopted in order to avoid conflicts due to simultaneous transmissions by nodes in the designated scope. Simulation results also uncover that GOSR can substantially reduce hop count and also improve end-to-end de livery ratio remarkably.TOOLS USED FOR SIMULATING VANETSIt is significant to estimate the performance of any network in order to highlight any issues that may exist the most appropriate way to accomplish this task is therefore to deploy simulations that provide the closest results to real-world annotations. Various simulation tools have been used to evaluate and simulate the performance of routing protocols in VANET.5.1 Network simulator (NS2 and NS3 )The NS-2 provides significant support for the simulation of TCP, routing and multicast protocols over wire and wireless networks.The NS-2 simulator is written in C++ with an OTcl (Object Tool Command Language) interpreter as a command and configuration interface. C++ is fast to run but slower to change, making it appropriate for use in comprehensive protocol implementation.NS3 is exclusively written in C++ and it is available for different platform such as Windows, Linux, Unix and OSX, with the coding limited to only a few hundred lin es as opposed to 300,000 lines for NS-2. For the sake of huge network simulation,NS3 has come to support distributed and federate simulation tasks. NS-3 is free software available for researchers and developers in order to simulate internet protocols and huge systems in a controlled environment.5.2 GlomoSimGlomoSim was developed to simulate wireless network simulation. It was coded in Parsec, in which all new protocols need to be described. GlomoSim has the ability to run on SMP (shared-memory symmetric processor memory simultaneously accessible by all programs) and to assist in dividing the network into separate facultys, each running as a distinct process. This decreases the load on the CPU by dividing its workload. GlomoSim supports four-fold wireless technologies. GlomoSim was developed to support million of nodes as a single simulation.5.3 MOVEThe mobility model generator for vehicular networks is based on the Java schedule language and is built on SUMO (Simulation of urban mobility). MOVE has greater consideration of traffic levels supported by GUI facilities.Mobility trace files can be generated from the Google body politic or TIGER databases. Custom (random and user) graphs a real so supported, although the node movement is constrained to a grid in a random graph.5.4 TraNsTraNs (traffic and network simulator environment) is based on Java with a visualization tool to integrate SUMO and NS-2 and is specially designed for VANET (Traffic and network simulation environment) in a single module to support vehicular simulation. This can be accomplished by converting traffic files in to a dump file by SUMO. This file can thence be read by NS-2.5.5 VANET MobiSimVANET MobiSim was developed to overcome the limitations of CanuMobiSim. It supports car-to-car and car-to- infrastructure communications, which support stop signs, traffic lights and activities based macro-mobility with the support of human mobility dynamics. TIGER, GDF and random and custom topology are used to obtain road and traffic topology. Vanet MobiSim uses a parser to obtain the topology from GDF or TIGER.5.6 NCTUnsNCTUns (National Chiao Tung University Network Simulator) (WangandLin,2008) is built using C++ programming language with a high level of GUI support. The user has less need to be concerned about code complexity. NCTUns combines the traffic and network simulators in a single module, making a distinct vehicular network environment available.NCTUns supports the ITS (intelligent transport system) environment by using automatic road appellative supported by the SHARPE-format map file. Vehicle movement can be controlled automatically.FUTURE WORK and CONCLUSIONIn previous work researchers have designed a smart city framework for VANETs including intelligent traffic lights (ITLs) that transmit warning messages and traffic statistics. Simulation results reveal that the usage of ITLs in smart cities can not merely improve road safety but also the drivers quality of li fe. They have explained the way the ITLs gather traffic and weather conditions of the roads and how they update those statistics. The goal is that the drivers assistant device usually takes proper trip decisions, for instance in order to avoid congested roads, and therefore reducing the trip time and pollution as well. As a near future work, ITLs could communicate to passing vehicles indicating where would be the free parking spots in the city. With this specific information, the driver assistant device could indicate the driver where free spots are located. This technique could use a WSN to obtain the data about free parking spots and communicate it to the nearest ITLs. The ITLs could share that information although sub-network they form. This might save trip time, petrol and CO2 as a consequence, which helps to own sustainable smart cities. Also, statistics collected by the ITLs can improve data routing protocols selecting the road that offers an increased chance to forward a supp ly to the destination successfully. A VANET routing protocol that considers those statistics in its operation can also be designed.REFERENCES1 Zhongyi, L., Tong, Z., Wei, Y., and Xiaoming, L., Poster Abstract GOSR Geographical Opportunistic Source Routing for VANETs, Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol. 13, No. 1, January 20092 United Nations, orbit Urbanization Prospects, The 2007 Revision Highlights, United Nations, New York, 2008.3 Schaffers, H., Ratti, C., and Komninos, N., Special Issue on Smart Applications for Smart Cities New Approaches to Innovation, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic affair Research, Universidad de Talca Chile, Dec 20124 Dept Business, Challenges Faced by Cities and the Need for Smarter Approaches, pg-5, 20135 Moir, Challenges Faced by Cities and the Need for Smarter Approaches, pg-18, 20146 Smart City, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city7 IEEE Smart Cities ,http//smartcities.ieee.org/about.html8 Choudhury, A.D., Agrawal, A., Sinha, P., Bhaumik, C., Ghose, A., and Bilal, S., A Methodology for GPS-based Water logging Prediction and Smart Route Generation, 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA), Kochi , 2012.9 Soylemezgiller, F., Kuscu, M., and Kilinc, D., A Traffic Congestion Avoidance Algorithm with Dynamic Road determine for Smart Cities, presented at IEEE 24th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Mobile and Wireless Networks, London, 201310 Emmelmann, M., Bochow, B., and Kellum, C.C., Vehicular networking Automotive applications and beyond, John Wiley and Sons, 2010.11 Ferrari, G., Busanelli, S., Lotti, N., and Kaplan, Y., Cross- Network Information Dissemination in VANETs, 11th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications, pp. 351-356, 2011.12 Maslekar, N., Boussedjra, M., Mouzna, J., and Labiod, H., VANET based adaptative Traffic Signal Control, IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 1-5, 2011.13 Gradinescu, V., Gorgorin, C., Diaconescu, R., Cristea, V., and Iftode, L., Adaptive Traffic Light Using Car-to-Car communications, IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 21-25, 2007.14 Junping, Z., Fei-Yue, W., Kunfeng, W., Wei-Hua, L., Xin, X., and Cheng, C., Data-Driven Intelligent Transportation Systems Survey, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 1624-1639, 2011.15 Fogue, M., Garrido, P., Martinez, F. J., Cano, J. C., Calafate, C. T., Manzoni, P., and Sanchez, M., Prototyping an smart Notification Scheme for Traffic Accidents in Vehicular Networks, Wireless Days (WD) IFIP, pp. 1-5, 2011.16 Khekare, G.S., Sakhare, A.K., Intelligent Traffic System for VANET A Survey, International Journal of Advanced figurer Research (22777970) Volume-2 Number-4 Issue 6, December 2012.

The Tempest Essay -- Shakespeare

Everyone has befogged something. One of my earliest memories is a car fluff through the desert of Arizona. We had just stopped at a gas station, and after we had gotten back on the road I realized that I had left-hand(a) behind a small toy I had gotten at McDonalds earlier that day. Even at s rase years old I knew that I would forget about the toy in a day or two, but for some reason I could not help but ardently invoke my parents to return for it. It was only after I had lost the toy that I realized how much I wanted it. Shakespeares characters have lost something as well their freedom. The idea of a puppet master is not an uncommon one in classic literature. In Shakespeares Macbeth we sense the subtle manipulations of the tierce witches in their treatment of Macbeth, and in The Final Problem by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle we see Sherlock Holmes struggle to free himself from the the works of criminal mastermind James Moriarty. We even see it in childrens literature through The Won derful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. Yet The Tempest is unique as the mastermind has lost his own freedom as well. It is like seeing the puppets dance, looking behind the curtain, and seeing only more strings. Through reading The Tempest you come to take care that almost every character, even if that character is seemingly in control of their own destiny, is trapped by something or someone, and it is only as they struggle to convalesce their freedom that each individual realizes how much it was taken for granted.The most obvious loss of freedom is felt by the public opinion party consisting of Alonso, Sebastian, Antonio, and Gonzalo. Their first coating is to return to Naples, but that voyage is halted by Prosperos storm and their subsequent wreck on the island (1.2.205... ...e to regain control of both Milan and Naples. But in the end The ruling party is spared, Antonio regains his son while Prospero regains his kingdom, Ariel is freed, and even Caliban takes some small owner ship in his actions, Ay, that I will and Ill be wise hereafter / And seek for grace. What a thrice-double ass / Was I, to take this drunkard for a god / And worship this dull fool (5.1.332-335) It is that sense of rediscovery that Shakespeare leaves us with, the sense that the characters have struggled against fate without even shrewd it and are just now realizing what they have gained as a result. The future is uncertain and relationships are still being recreated, but every character leaves the island with a deeper appreciation of the importance of freedom.Works CitedShakespeare, William. The Tempest. Paperback. New York Modern Library, 2008. Print.

Antipredator Defense as a Limited Resource : Unequal Predation Risk and

INSECTS WITH PARENTAL INSTINCTSMore than two centuries ago, a Swedish scientist named Modeer described what appeared to be maternal behavior in the acanthosomatid shield bug Elasmucha grisea. He noted that the female did not fly away when an intruding object threatened her stuff egg mass instead, she remained steadfast and tilted her body towards the object (Tallamy). Unfortunately, this evidence, no matter how well documented, was not enough to convince countless people of the surmise of insects having parental instincts. The acknowledgement of parental behavior in insects was not a widely accepted idea for a number of years. Many people believed insects were overly primitive to care for their young and that only when physical conditions became extremely severe were insects capable of expressing paternal abilities. The traditional view of maternal care is that it is an exceptional and comparatively recent evolutionary leap forward (Tallamy).Fortunately, the assumptions made about maternal care in insects do not have to be accepted or rejected based only on faith or an educated guess today it is possible for these predictions to be empirically tested so that the data may be recorded and analyzed. The following experiment is just one example of the various ways in which ideas regarding insects and maternal care may be effectively evaluated.Reginald B. Cocroft, of the Neurobiology and conduct Department at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, researched insects known as Umbonia crassicornis, or the thornbug treehopper. U. crassicornis offspring thrive in large aggregations on the a lot exposed stems of host-plants. These offspring are incredibly vulnerable, making them easy targets and subject to intense predatio... ...ymphs unequally. The mother distributed her protection equally throughout the entire aggregation along the length of the branch.Main PointsLocation in relation to the mother is possibly competitiveLocation independent of the mother is poss ibly competitive, but only using competitionSignaling is not competitive for maternal care, it is cooperative and the mother distributes protection along the aggregation equally.WORKS CITEDCocroft, Reginald B. 2002. Antipredator Defense as a control Resourse Unequal Predation Risk and Broods of an Insect With Maternal Care. Behavioral Ecology, 13, 1, 125-133.Tallamy, D. W. and C. Schaefer. 1997. Maternal behavior in the Hemiptera Ancestry, Alternatives, and Current Adaptive Value. pp. 94-115, In B. Crespi and J. Choe (eds.). Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.