Consensus Ad Idem

EROSION OF CONSENSUS AD IDEM This work is to discuss about the erosion of â€Å"consensus ad idem† or called as â€Å"meeting of the minds†, to get to know about this we have to know about â€Å"Contract† where in which the â€Å"consensus ad idem† plays a very important role. Meaning and Definition of Contract: The word contract is derived from the Latin â€Å"contractum†, meaning â€Å"drawn together†. It, therefore, denotes a drawing together of two or more minds to form a common intention giving rise to an agreement which is intended to be enforceable by law and which may have elements in writing, though contracts can be made orally.Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines a contract as an agreement enforceable by law. Section 2(e) defines agreement as â€Å"every promise and every set of promises forming consideration for each other. † Section 2(b) defines promise in these words: â€Å"When the person to whom the pro posal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. Essentials of Contract: Every contract is said to have the following elements:- ? Offer ? Acceptance ? Consideration ? Meeting of the minds [consensus ad idem] ? Competency of parties & Legality or Lawful Object These six elements are said to be the essentials of a valid contract, absence of even one of these would result in non-enforceability or a contract which is not legally enforceable. Two or more persons can enter into a contract and there should be offer or proposal from any of the party to the other and the offer can be of any form i. e. , express, implied or general offer, also the offer should be certain and definite. An offer is synonymous with proposal. The offeror or proposer expresses his willingness â€Å"to do† or â€Å"not to do† (i. . , abstain from doing) something with a view to obtain acceptance of the other party to such act or abstinence. Thus, there may be â€Å"po sitive† or â€Å"negative† acts which the proposer is willing to do. When an agreement is placed and which is said to be legally enforceable, consideration on both sides is a must. Each party to the agreement must give or promise something and receive something or a promise in return. Consideration is the price for which the promise of the other is sought. However, this price need not be in terms of money.In case the promise is not supported by consideration, the promise will be nudum pactum (a bare promise) and is not enforceable at law. Moreover, the consideration must be real and lawful. ? Meeting of Minds [consensus ad idem]: â€Å"Consensus ad idem [Latin: agreement on the same thing / Meeting of the minds]. The agreement by contracting parties to identical terms that is necessary for the formation for the formation of a legally binding contract. In particular it refers to the situation where there is a common understanding in the formation of the contract.This co ndition or element is often considered a necessary requirement to the formation of contract. It is understood that a contract cannot be formed or may not be considered as legally enforceable when there is no common understanding between the parties to the contact. They may not be expressly implied in a contract but the conduct of the parties and their understanding towards performing an act is enough to show that there is consent between both the parties. ? Competency of parties: The parties to a contract should be competent to enter into a contract.According to Section 11, every person is competent to contract if he (i) is of the age of majority, (ii) is of sound mind, and (iii) is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. Thus, there may be a flaw in capacity of parties to the contract. The flaw in capacity may be due to minority, lunacy, idiocy, drunkenness or status. If a party to a contract suffers from any of these flaws, the contract is unenforceabl e except in certain exceptional circumstances. ? Legality or lawful object:The object of the agreement which was entered between the parties must be lawful and not one which the law disapproves. If in case, the said object is to be unlawful then the agreement would become void. All these above elements combined together forms a contract which is legally enforceable. ? Erosion of â€Å"Consensus ad idem† : The idea of expounding a contract based on meeting of minds at early stages was made by Sir Frederick Pollock. There were also persons like Oliver Wendell Holmes who criticized the concept of meeting of minds as ‘fiction’.This concept has been accepted and had been put into use even until now, but there had been some leaps and bounds in early stages of evolution of contract. In  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co Ltd v Grant  Ã¢â‚¬Å"(1879) 4 Ex D 216, Thesiger LJ said, â€Å"Now, whatever in abstract discussion may be said as to the le gal notion of its being necessary, in order to the effecting of a valid and binding contract, that the minds of the parties should be brought together at one and the same moment, that notion is practically the foundation of  English law  upon the subject of the formation of contracts†. In â€Å"Carlill v.Carbolic Smoke Ball Company†Ã‚  [1893] 1 QB 256, Bowen LJ said, â€Å"One cannot doubt that, as an ordinary rule of law, an acceptance of an offer made ought to be notified to the person who makes the offer, in order that the two minds may come together. Unless this is done the two minds may be apart, and there is not that consensus which is necessary according to the English law – I say nothing about the laws of other countries – to make a contract. † Here in our country, Section 2(e) of Indian contract Act 1872 defines agreement as â€Å"every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other,† i. e. there shou ld be meeting of minds to constitute a contract. There are also several case laws in which the importance of â€Å"consensus ad idem† has been upheld. In â€Å"M/S Richa Industries Ltd & Ors vs. ICICI Bank Limited & Another†, on 14 October, 2011 Delhi High Court upheld that, â€Å"Contract Act, 1872 being contracts which are beyond the law and this court can draw inference by looking into the illegality in the said contracts and their purpose. The plaintiff states that the agreement or the transactions are not valid that the defendant was never authorized to do the derivative transactions on behalf of the plaintiff.It is submitted on behalf of the plaintiff that the defendant has got some template contracts signed from the plaintiff whereof entered into the transactions on its behalf without proper information and guidance. It is argued that there was no consensus  ad  idem  to enter into any such contract of authorizing the defendant to enter into derivative tr ansaction and the same is vitiated by the  consensus  ad  idem  and consent of the plaintiff. The said consent must be taken from the plaintiff by way of informed consent and not by just getting the documents signed without informing the purpose for which they are taken from the plaintiff.The plaintiff is also aggrieved by the fact that the defendant is seeking to declare the plaintiff as willful defaulter. The plaintiff challenges the defendant's letter dated 28. 02. 2011, whereby show cause was issued†. In this context, all the countries dealing with contracts has accepted the usage of â€Å"consensus ad idem† as it is said to be the key element of contract and also according to the Indian Contract Act 1872. Erosion of this concept was only at early stage of it and now it has been a clear view of that without consent of both parties to the contract it cannot be considered legally acceptable.The basic principles of contract have been substantially abrogated due to privatization and liberalization. Even then, â€Å"consensus ad idem† i. e. , meeting of minds or mutual agreement is a hard nut to crack as without this element there can be no existence of agreement, and it would result in void agreements or at times it becomes voidable. Reference: †¢ Halsbury’s Law on India – Volume II, Butterworths – Lexis Nexis – New Delhi, 2002 †¢ M. Krishna Nair- The Law of Contracts – 5th Edition- Orient Longman Publication – Chennai, 1997, Reprint 1998. Pollock & Mulla- Indian Contract Act & Specific Relief Act – 13th Edition – By Dr. RG – Padia – Lexis Nexis – Butterworth’s Publication, New Delhi, 2006. †¢ Anson – Law of Contract – 28th Edition – Revised by J. Beakson – Oxford University Press Publication – London, 2010. †¢ Cheshire, Fifoot & Frumston – Law of Contract – 13th Edition – M. P. Furmston – Butterworth’s Publication, London, 1996. †¢ Contract – www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Contract †¢ www. indiankanoon. org †¢ www. wisegeek. com †¢ Blog. SilverDane. com

Indoor vs Outdoor

Well games should be such that they give us some sort of entertainment and also physical exercise.I prefer outdoor games to indoor games.I have the following reasons for my choice. At first,outdoor games give me more physical exercise than indoor games.I can do a lot of body work and movement in the outdooor games.They would help me keep my cholesterol level in control and also keep me aloof from all kinds of cardiovascular problems. Second,these would give me a more of exposure to the nature.I can enjoy the cool breeze and sizzling rainfall only during the outdoor games though not all the time.It is not at all possible in the indoor games like the computer games or the video games.Third,these can be done at all places and whenever required.Because a simple walk or jogging or playing badminton can be done at all places and some of them donot even require any devices. And also these would help me develop my social circle as I can get into contact with several people who have similar i nterests and from different walks of life. So for the above reasons I prefer outdoor games and enjoy playing them. Games should be such that they give us some sort of entertainment and also physical exercise.I prefer outdoor games to indoor games. I have the following reasons for my choice.At first,outdoor games give me more physical exercise than indoor games. I can do a lot of body work and movement in the outdoor games. They would help me keep my cholesterol level in control and also keep me aloof from all kinds of cardiovascular problems.Second, these would give me more exposure to nature. I can enjoy the cool breeze and DRIZZLING rainfall only during outdoor games, though not all the time. It is not at all possible in the indoor games like the computer games or the video games.Third, these can be done at all places and whenever required. Because A simple walk or jogging or playing badminton can be done at all places(,) and some of them do not even require any devices. And also t These would help me develop my social circle as I can COME into contact with several people who have similar interests and from different walks of life.So for the above reasons I prefer outdoor games and enjoy playing them.

Building the Nation Future Leaders

â€Å"Building the Nation Future Leaders through the K to 12 Basic Education Program or The K to 12 Basic Education- Tungo sa Paghuhubog ng mga Makabagong lider ng Bansa. † By ANDEA, ISIDRO JR B. Great day to everyone! Warmest congratulations to the elite corps of successful graduates this school year 2012- 2013 especially to our ever loving parents and the teaching force of this institution. Ma’am and Sir, Good morning! With my great desire, to be one of the guest speakers at today's event; I accept the challenge and invitation of the teaching staff of this institution to challenge everyone today!It is a great privilege and opportunity for me to speak in front of you as a challenger of your mind and hearts to give an inspirational message that will challenge everyone today! You truly deserve to give pride to yourself as you step into another ladder of your success. It’s been unforgettable event that we should reminisce every now and then the significant marked o f our lives as we give priority to our achievement in the field of learning.We bind us one today to celebrate the fruit of our sacrifices; your unsung hero shows their unfading support behind your success as they watch you to recognize this day, your ever loving teachers honored you for the commendable appreciation of your great work during learning process and the person who is one way of molding your life interest and being proud to yourself that you have done the great job in schooling. Our Theme: â€Å"Building the Nation Future Leaders through the K to 12 Basic Education Program or the K to 12 Basic Education- Tungo sa Paghuhubog ng mga Makabagong lider ng Bansa. I would like to talk first about the program of Department of Education in order for us to understand well the message of our nation for us as a stakeholder of change. The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (6 years of Primary Education, four years of juniors High School, and another t wo years of Senior High School) which provide our learners to undergo sufficient time for mastering the concepts and skills presented during learning process. Enhance the abilities and capacities of our learners, and prepare our graduate to higher education, job employment, and business or entrepreneurship.The K to 12 Basic Education Program is a key chain to success because it helps our graduates to become ready and more successful to go in their different paths, Maybe some them will proceed to tertiary education, for employment, or do a business. We strongly believed that this changes in our Educational Program will affect our way of living, to give us hope for a better future because our young leaders equipped with different skills in different learning areas, trained and prepared them to become an agent of change;Formal Education will make us living if we seized the right opportunity given to us. Let us work hand in hand for the betterment of our future, Let us let other known a bout this program, and encourage them to have a full support in achieving our Country’s progress. You as a graduate have a vital role to strengthen your great potential to become a partner of change. You will be one of the backbones of our K to 12 graduates sooner and later know that you will have to deal with changes, both big and small, continually. Be prepared to be flexible and to adopt as needed.Here are the three things to consider on becoming more successful in achieving our goals in life and to become a productive leaders someday: 1. Heads-up to your great potential. Sometimes, we may not realize the essence of our abilities. But there’s a gift given to us by our omnipotent master to give our full potential to become the most successful person. We may become successful beyond of our wildest dream. You should know yourself better, Identify your strength and weaknesses and facing the real you. The achievement of your goal is assured the moment you commit yourself to it and believe that you can do something.The first thing that we need to consider is to open your eyes to your great potential by setting your mind and goals in life. Mind setting (power of imagination) is a tool for showing your potential to become great individual for the next days. Because of it, you can now set your goals in life. Some great person believed that goal is vital. â€Å"People with goals succeed because they know where they're going. † According to -Earl Nightingale. â€Å"The achievement of your goal is assured the moment you commit yourself to it. † -Mack R. Douglas. Formal education will make you a living.Self-education will make you a fortune. † â€Å"Unless you change how you are, you will always have what you've got. † â€Å"We all have two choices; we can make a living or we can design a life. † I want you to â€Å"Take up one idea and act on it. Make that one idea your life. Think of it, dream of it, and live on that id ea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, and every part of your body be full of that idea and leave all other ideas alone. This is the way to success. † According to SFI Rules to Success; setting goals is so easy to do, yet 95% of people never set goals.They just never take the time. And who do you think are the most successful, highest-earning people in the world? The 5% group of course! If you want to be in the 5% group, don't even think about ignoring goal-setting! 2. Begin with realistic plan (winning starts with beginning). If you sealed with something and you fell not moving on your way, start to get started and start whatever you had right now. There’s no perfect time to wait, do the best job you can and always keep learning and moving ahead. Who among you here have a Facebook account?What is the first thing you do in getting connected with that social networking? Just to sign up and get started, right? â€Å"You don't have to be great to get started, but you have to get started to be great. † -Les Brown, â€Å"Everyone who got where he is had to begin where he was. † -Richard L. Evans. â€Å"Failing to plan is planning to fail. † â€Å"Without goals, and plans to reach them, you are like a ship that has set sail with no destination. † -Fitzhugh Dodson â€Å"Most people have no idea of the giant capacity we can immediately command when we focus all of our resources on mastering a single area of our lives. – Anthony Robbins. â€Å"Nothing can add more power to your life than concentrating all your energies on a limited set of targets. â€Å"- Nido Qubein. â€Å"What you choose to focus your mind on is critical because you will become what you think about most of the time. â€Å"- Noel Peebles We cannot become successful in aiming at something, if we are trying to do many things just for once. We should be realistic in our planning and concentrate your thoughts upon working hand in hand. As they say, chase t wo rabbits and you'll catch neither! â€Å"Success demands singleness of purpose. – Vincent Lombardi â€Å"No life ever grows great until it is focused, dedicated, disciplined. – Harry Emerson Fosdick. 3. Live with your goals and persist until you win. We don’t need to invest so much to earn something and to pay for our reward. â€Å"Success seems to be connected with action. Successful people keep moving. They make mistakes, but they don't quit. â€Å"-Conrad Hilton. â€Å"It's when things get rough and you don't quit that success comes. † â€Å"Other people and things can stop you temporarily. You're the only one who can do it permanently. -Zig Ziglar Don't let little problems upset you. Concentrate on the positives†¦ and the â€Å"big picture. † Also remember that the only thing that will never change is that there will always be changes (especially in today's rapidly evolving world). Don't let changes upset you. Know that you will hav e to deal with changes, both big and small, continually. Be prepared to be flexible and to adapt as needed. â€Å"Learning is very fun and lifelong process† which I always emphasize in the field of learning because it awakens our interest to learned.At your youthful stage, there is an eagerness to learn in every chance as you participate inside the class. Your teacher taught you so much how to become smart, how to behave, how to learn, how to work effectively, how to perform a task and know how to accept student’s responsibility. I know each one of you possess a precocious gift from God. Who among you here wants to be a Doctor, Nurse, Lawyer, Engineer, Military, Teacher, or a President? Then don’t stop learning. ALWAYS REMEMBER THIS THREE WORDS: DON’T STOP LEARNING! ANDEA, ISIDRO JR B. KABACAN WESLEYAN ACADEMY HIGH SCHOOL DEPARMENT

Management of a Patients Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Management of a Patients Needs - Essay Example Each year, over 75,000 reported deaths in the UK is associated with diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and 2). Other complications associated with the condition (diabetes mellitus) include, for instance, amputation, kidney failure, and blindness. It is estimated that each year, over 6000 people in the UK who are diabetic undergo the amputation of either leg or foot. Researchers in the medical field also contend that if the current trend in the UK continues, the amputation rate will rise (McInnes, 2012). On another note, the expenditure on diabetes care by the NHS is almost reaching the  £10billion mark, which is about 10% of NHS total budget. Most of the expenses tend to cater for the management of avoidable complications. Conversely, other than direct costs, there are also indirect costs that increase the figure to approximately  £ 23.7 billion. However, among the most costly consequences of diabetes in the UK is the number of hospital admissions. It is estimated that at any one time, av eragely 15% of inpatients in the hospitals are recorded as patients with diabetes (NHS, 2012). The government acknowledges the adverse effects of diabetes on its citizens and has come up with a vision that targets the care of diabetes under the NSF (National Service Framework for Diabetes). On the other end of the spectrum, improvements in the care of diabetes are still needed due to its increased prevalence. For instance, there is the need for a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of complications associated with diabetes such as FDUs

The Starry Night by Anne Sexton and Vincent Van Gogh Essay

The Starry Night by Anne Sexton and Vincent Van Gogh - Essay Example Sexton’s intense tone mirrors the passion of van Gogh’s â€Å"Starry Night.† The painting depicts â€Å"the fire that smoldered within† van Gogh (Dietrich). The canvas is in turmoil. Sexton’s poem also throbs with deep agitation: The sky is hot, â€Å"The night boils,† (†¦4); the stars are alive and move; â€Å"†¦the moon bulges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (8) and gives birth to life. The poem echoes the painting’s hallucinatory tone with its hot, dramatic, unstable voice. Sexton’s liberal use of verbs like â€Å"boil,† â€Å"bulges,† â€Å"push,† â€Å"swallows,†Ã¢â‚¬ split† and â€Å"sucked† demonstrate her inner turmoil. Except for the silence of the town, the poem depicts a world of turbulence. Sexton’s tone conveys the message that her starry night, like her inner life, is in a state of ferment. Sexton’s poem is a feast of imagery. She matches the rich graphics of van Gog h’s poem with the skilful use of figurative language. Sexton makes van Gogh’s vibrant night a ravenous beast: â€Å"†¦that great dragon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (14) which is to devour her. The thick, serpentine swirl of his brush becomes the â€Å"†¦old unseen serpent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (10) which swallows the stars. Her words, â€Å"†¦in its orange irons† (8), conjure an image of the moon as a captive who is forced to give birth to the stars. The most striking image is that of the lone, black tree silhouetted in the foreground of van Gogh’s painting, which Sexton metaphorically compares to a â€Å"†¦drowned woman†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3). Just as van Gogh’s tree reaches out to the Heavens for help, Sexton depicts herself as a lost woman seeking solace in the skies.

Internet marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Internet marketing - Essay Example ating a good and long term relationship with the customers which helps the company in getting many innovative and creative ideas from the customers to better its service (Bailey, 2011, pp. 56-64). Starbucks website and social media pages are interactive and clients can ask questions and get answers to their enquiries in company products, locations and prices. They can also have their complaints addressed. Among the all the categories of marketing mix, the one which varies in case of internet marketing is the promotional activities as the product, place and price remains the same. Thus in this case Starbucks looks to promote its product using various social media websites by conducting events and attracting more number of customers. It also attracts the young generation by communicating the exact message across the customers regarding the value that the company creates for its customers. The price related to internet marketing is reduced compared to the marketing activities that have been done using other platforms. Starbucks is already using blogs and social media websites as tools for internet marketing. The company has always looked to use latest marketing techniques to reach the customers in better way. In future it can look to use other tools in internet marketing like SpyFu to know about the competitors’ strategies. Hub Spot internet application allows the company to track leads and maintain direct communication with clients. This sort of communication also allows for segmentation of the market into different sections so as to ease marketing (Chaffey, 2009, pp. 34-42). As of now, Starbucks most effective means of reaching their clients has been facebook, twitter and the company website. This could be because these sites have the highest number of users in the country and in the world. Starbucks uses the latest and available technology in its operational processes so as to provide good and high quality service to the customer. The customers have special

Icts role in primarks operations strategy Essay

Icts role in primarks operations strategy - Essay Example This paper discusses the operations strategy of Primark Stores Limited, a fast fashion retail company that currently operates in Ireland, United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands and Germany. Primark is owned by the diversified British giant, Associated British Foods (ABF) and as at the end of 2011 had 232 stores spread in continental Europe . In 2010 Primark beat Marks & Spencer and ASDA to become was UK’s largest clothing retailer by turnover, with sales of  £3,043m. Primark sells a range of fashion items targeted at people under 35 years old who are fashion-conscious. It is identified as the retailer that offers the lowest prices on the high street. Primark is a player in the relatively young retail apparel industry known as fast fashion. Fast fashion refers to the strategy where retailers count on speed of production and adoption to current and emerging design trends to market their merchandise. While fast fashion may be heaven to buyers it can be disastrous to retailers who have to keep changing their inventory rapidly if they are to capture their fashion conscious target market. This however does not prevent the industry from being very profitable. Consider this: in the apparel industry, fast fashion companies have surpassed traditional rivals in growth by seizing their market share. Furthermore, â€Å"fast fashion leaders typically earn higher profit margins than their old-guard competitors, averaging 16 per cent, versus 7 per cent for the typical specialty-apparel retailer†. (Sull & Turconi, 2008, p.5).† However, to better comprehend Primark’s industry and resulting strategies we shall first analyse the industry using Porter’s five forces. 2.1. Five Forces Analysis of Primark’s Industry The strengths of Porter’s five competitive forces has an effect on costs, prices, investments and other factors needed to compete thus they affect the average level of profitability for a given industry (P orter, 2008). This implies that these five forces have a direct correlation with the industry participants’ profitability. Using this line of thought one can therefore state that a firm’s industry structure is a major factor that determines an organization’s competitive strategy (Laudon & Laudon, 2009). The first strong force is competitive rivalry. The UK’s retail fashion industry is according to Mintel (2005) is more consolidated than the rest of Europe with the top five UK retailers account for almost 45% of sales. Secondly, following from the effect of 2008 recession on consumer disposable incomes, the industry is not a basic need category and as such has continued to experience slow growth. All the above attributes are symptomatic of industries where intensity of competitive rivalry is great (Porter, 2008). Another strong force in Primark’s industry is the threat of substitutes largely as a result of the following three characteristics: (1) the garments sold in fast fashion are not durable; (2) Primark’s offerings are low-cost; and (3) the cost of switching from one retailer to the other is very low. These three traits make it

Hyperactive Sexual Desire Disorder Research Paper

Hyperactive Sexual Desire Disorder - Research Paper Example In addition, their symptoms and treatment can also be deduced. This project, however, only focuses on hyperactive sexual desire, giving its causes, symptoms, and treatment. Hyperactive sexual desire, also known as ‘sex addiction’, is a regular and strong sexual illusions, sexual desires, and sexual actions. One can be said to have the disorder if they engage in compulsive sexual behaviors more than others. Some of the signs of sex addiction include an uncontrollable masturbation, cybersex, engaging with prostitutes, cheating on their partners, pornography and uncontrollable use of internet sex sites to view adult-rated content. Such a person claims that it is impossible to withhold the urge when it comes. Therefore, they end up engaging in dangerous sex behaviors, risking their lives and that of their partners (Schwartz, 2008). For one to be considered to have such a disorder during a diagnosis, they must have gone through the same for over six months. In addition, the act should be distressing them, causing anguish and unhappiness, and apparently causing an interference in their day to day activities. Furthermore, the conditions must not come due to drug use or as a result of mental disorientations. According to the National Council on Sexual Addiction Compulsivity research, about six to eight percent of people in America have a sex addiction. In addition, a study by Stanford University revealed an estimate of about 4.7 million individuals taking at least eleven hours weekly on the pornographic site on the internet. Another evidence of the sex hype is the fast growth of the twelve-step program on the internet such as Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous, Sex Addicts Anonymous and Sexaholics Anonymous (Grossman, 2014). Research indicates that testosterone hormone is responsible for sexual urges in both males and females. In that regard, each person feels a sexual urge at a point in

The Dark Knight Rises. Reasons Behind Movies Commercial Success Essay

The Dark Knight Rises. Reasons Behind Movies Commercial Success - Essay Example It has been claimed that the movie did not fulfill the expectations in terms of revenues and quality of its predecessors. However, despite multiple claims, the movie is a big commercial hit earning revenues over US$ 1 billion. The Dark Knight trilogy has been a significant source of revenues for Warner Brothers. Analysis of the commercial factors underlying The Dark Knight Rises’ success indicates that more than effective marketing, it was the legacy of the movie that gave it a grand opening despite various daunting events like the shooting incident. The Dark Knight Rises brought ticket revenues worth US$ 1.075 billion to Warner Brothers and movie maker Christopher Nolan (Hughes, 2012a). The question arises that despite having receiving its fair share of criticism from experts and general public, what are the factors that made this movie join the elite group of over 1 billion group. A critical analysis of the movie’s progress indicated that a perception of a product being sold has a greater impact on its sales. This is precisely the reason why manufacturers and producers play special attention to product placement phenomenon while marketing a product. Same stands true for Batman movie franchise as well. The legacy, fan base and historical characters with success of all previous Batman movies provides this franchise a lot of credibility amongst the viewers. Besides the huge success of previous Batman movie ‘The Dark Night’ and the phenomenal success of Joker followed by the untimely death of Heath Ledger, what drove the masses to the theaters was perception that this would be the last Batman movie. The legacy of the Batman Series was a substantial factor that would have been enough to draw masses to movie cinemas. Like other studios, Warner Brothers capitalizes on brand equity of its strong franchises and The Dark Knight Rises is a simple example of this trend. For a franchise that was showing a downturn after Batman and Robin in 1997, Nolan-Warner partnership turned out to be the last resort. Arrival of Nolan in Warner Brothers has made Batman into a character which is not only adored by comic fans but also by those who have a greater liking for more realistic action movies. The Batman trilogy has managed to bring overall box office receipts worth over 3 billion with box office sales being the indicator of franchise’s performance (Hughes, 2012b). It is important to note that other than the movie itself, Nolan’s brand equity is also another major factor that brought fans to the cinemas. In the recent years, Hollywood has focused more on ‘going big’ in terms of marketing and Warner Brothers’ technique is no different. Aggressive marketing campaign through TC, radio, social media, billboards and print media manage to engage public and create the desired anticipation for the brand launch (Eliashberg, Elbrese, and Leenders, 2004). Before the movie launch, there was a well-orchestrated series of movie’s official website launch, tease trailers containing original six minutes of the movie, page-length advertisements in newspaper etc. In addition to that, an interesting product placement strategy used by Warner Brothers was to attach the movie’s trailers with other successful ventures like The Avengers and Mission Impossible-Ghost Protocol. Another important part of this marketing campaign was movie’s viral marketing strategy that was highly complex yet interesting enough to engage millions

Business Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Structures - Essay Example Sole proprietorship is a business structure run by one person. As such, the major advantages of a sole proprietorship are that the owner has full control of the business and does not share the profits with anyone. This type of business structure is also advantageous since decision making is faster as the owner makes all the decisions affecting the business without having to get anyone’s approval. Additionally, sole proprietorship is the simplest business venture to start as there are not many legal requirements. Nevertheless, sole proprietorships also have certain disadvantages, which a business entrepreneur must consider. Firstly, the sole proprietor bears all the liabilities of the business, which is disadvantageous. Additionally, raising capital for business expansion may be difficult. Partnership is a business structure formed by two or more individuals. A partnership may come in two forms: general and unlimited liability. Limited liability partnership is that which protects owners from liabilities arising out of the business failure. In this regard, in case a business fails, limited liability partners are only liable to the creditors to the extent of the capital contributed. This implies that creditors cannot claim the private properties of the partners in case of business failure, which is advantageous. Secondly, partnerships are advantageous in that management is shared among all partners. Thirdly, partners are only taxed personal earnings. Additionally, partnerships are advantageous since it is easy to raise capital for business expansion as each member ploughs in capital in the business. Partnerships are, however, disadvantageous since profits are shared among partners. Secondly, decision making might be time consuming due to differences in opinions among pa rtners (Films for Humanities & Sciences, 2011). The video also discusses quite a number of corporate structures, including general corporations, subchapter S

Human relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human relations - Essay Example A strike (or industrial action less than a full stoppage of work) will be in breach of the contract of employment for two reasons. Firstly, the striker is failing to perform the contractual obligations to work and to obey lawful instructions. Secondly, by seeking to 2 cause disruption to the employer’s business, the striker is breaching the â€Å"implied term to serve the employer faithfully within the requirements of the contract†.It is to be noted that the taking of strike action is a breach of the employee’s contract of employment, even where all the obligations imposed on the trade unions by Part V of The Trade Union and Labor Relations (consolidation) Act 1992 have been fulfilled. Not only is a strike in breach of the worker’s contract of employment, we find that the breach is far reaching as we see in Secretary of State v. Aslef ICR 19, the inevitable breach of the duty of faithful services, that virtually all other forms of industrial action will br each the contract of employment, or refusing to carryout some aspects only of contractual duties. Such as in work slow downs. Further in Miles v. Wakefield MDC [1989] ICR 368 at 389, Lord Templeman states: â€Å"Any form of industrial action by a worker is a breach of contract which entitles an employer at common law to dismiss the worker. Also we find in Wiluszynski v. Tower Hamlets IBC [1989] IRLR 259, that in the event of an industrial action, the employer can also refuse to pay wages. Further in NCB v. Galley WLR 16, we find in the event of industrial action the employer can sue for damages. ... (Gibson LJ) It is to be noted that the taking of strike action is a breach of the employee's contract of employment, even where all the obligations imposed on the trade unions by Part V of The Trade Union and Labor Relations (consolidation) Act 1992 have beenfulfilled. Not only is a strike in breach of the worker's contract of employment, we find that the breach is far reaching as we see in Secretary of State v. Aslef (N0.2) [1979] ICR 19, the inevitable breach of the duty of faithful services, that virtually all other forms of industrial action will breach the contract of employment, or refusing to carryout some aspects only of contractual duties. Such as in work slow downs. Further in Miles v. Wakefield MDC [1989] ICR 368 at 389, Lord Templeman states: "Any form of industrial action by a worker is a breach of contract which entitles an employer at common law to dismiss the worker. Also we find in Wiluszynski v. Tower Hamlets IBC [1989] IRLR 259, that in the event of an industrial action, the employer can also refuse to pay wages. Further in NCB v. Galley [1958] WLR 16, we find in the event of industrial action the employer can sue for damages.Under current law in the UK, recognition is a matter of fact and not a legal status. There is no legal means by which the worker or the union can compel the employer to reach an agreement, and, in particular, no right on the part of the worker or the union to compel the employer to submit to arbitration. The employer can seek emergency interlocutory relief. This procedure does not

Linguistic Changes of an Individual in Migration Essay Example for Free

Linguistic Changes of an Individual in Migration Essay As the world becomes increasingly globalised, we observe a rising trend where individuals migrate for educational and economic opportunities. The prestige of being educated in a highly ranked university and the prospects of higher paying jobs are definitely important pull factors for both internal and international migration (Welch, 1970). When people move, they also transfer the use of their existing linguistic repertoire to their host country. However, what might have been effective at home might be interpreted differently when placed in different socioeconomic contexts. Hence, the relative value of linguistic repertoire one possesses and how mobile are one’s language skills in the world determines how a migrant interacts with a new community. Consequently, this paper seeks to provide insight on how the relative value of linguistic resources affects one’s mobility and decisions in community interactions. Drawing on Blommaert’s study on the sociolinguistics of globalisation, this discussion will focus on how an individual’s linguistic repertoire is being used to one’s advantage within the community. It also highlights the changes which occur when one attempts to transfer the same linguistic repertoire as the shift to a place of varying cultural and linguistic ability. As Blommaert suggests, â€Å"placed resources are resources that are functional in one particular place but can become dysfunctional as soon as they are moved to other places† (Blommaert, 2003). Essentially, this essay seeks to expound on the changes of one’s linguistic repertoire and how it affects one’s interactions with new communities resulting from migration. Linguistic repertoire refers to linguistic varieties acquired by an individual to different degrees of proficiency and for different uses (Crystal, 1990). The acquisition of linguistic repertoire thus extends not only to the procurement of different types of language codes like English and Hindi, but also the speech styles and genres within each language. In light of this definition, this paper chooses to trace how one’s use of language repertoire might change in the context of internal migration and international migration. With this in mind, a migrant from India who experienced both types of migration was chosen. India boasts twenty-two official languages as per the Constitution of India, where English is determined as the secondary official language and is used as lingua franca throughout India. Within the context of this paper, the experiences of the migrant serve to provide personal insight on language mobility within the transmigrational arena. Research methodology and background of interviewee With this in mind, a fifty minute interview was carried out on 16th October 2012 to gather substantial data in order to provide a comparison between internal and international migration. The sole participant is Joshua Cherian, aged 24 who is currently pursuing a postgraduate education in Singapore. He was born and raised in Kerala, Southern India, after which he moved to Jamshedpur, Northern India to pursue a tertiary education before working in New Delhi. He was taught English at a young age and learnt Hindi during university, while his mother tongue is Malayalam. During the interview, questions were asked ranging from the interviewee’s experiences of language acquisition and his experiences in India and Singapore to language policies in India. Utilising his personal insights on adapting to different communities and observing it through the concepts provided in Blommaert’s study, the relative value of linguistic repertoire consequently becomes more obvious not only from country to country but also within different areas of the community. Language repertoire in internal migration Within India, it is said to have a de-facto three plus minus one language policy. Those who neither speak the language of the state nor the two official languages, English and Hindi, now have to grapple with learning four languages in order to pass the school systems and secure jobs within the modern sector (Laitin. D, 1989). Consequently, many people who migrate in the pursuit of education or jobs find it necessary to expand their language repertoire in order to compete for the chance of upward socioeconomic mobility within India. Joshua notes that: â€Å"There is a divide between the corporate world and industrial world, where managers and people in multinational companies speak in english, but those in manufacturing speak Hindi in work. In the north of India everyone speaks Hindi, so I had to learn Hindi. When I worked in Delhi, I spoke mostly Hindi in my workplace, because I am a manager of labourers and those who just passed tenth standard, they just need to make something so they don’t need English. People who do software need to interact with clients overseas, so it is important for them to speak English.† Due the demands of his job, Joshua was required to expand his language repertoire to include fluent Hindi in order to communicate with his subordinates effectively. Although English could have sufficed in interacting with white-collar professionals, learning Hindi would have enabled Joshua to ensure a smooth running of operations that he was in charge with. As such, it is observed that migrants tend to expand their language repertoire within internal migration according to which languages are most functional within their community. Furthermore, an expansion of linguistic repertoire also affects one’s interaction the community. As immigrants acquire proficiency in more languages, there is a tendency to broaden their participation in various communities within the area that they have settled in. This is especially evident in Joshua’s recount: â€Å"In India you would have to know many languages in order to fit into different communities. University students will use English because it is prestigious. It shows you are well educated. Outside of the education system, everyone speaks their own dialect or their own state language. I used to hang out with many friends when I was studying in Jamshedpur who came from all over India. I also managed to become my student governing body’s president, so speaking the many languages helped me reach out to a lot of people.† Even though migrants who migrate within their home country experience a new environment, there are common cultural familiarities that they can relate to by being in the same country. Naturally, this allows them to assimilate into the communities easily since they already share similar cultural and national identities. Rather, this pre-existing factor enables immigrants like Joshua to interact with different groups of people. Such a preference is also extremely beneficial to an individual within a new community as they are able to called upon a large network of acquaintances should they need help in the future. Hence, the broadening of one’s interaction with many communities would be positively correlated to the acquisition of language repertoire because both serve the same purpose of helping the migrant assimilate well into the new environment they are in. Language Repertoire in International Migration In contrast to internal migration, one’s use of language repertoire might decrease across different geographical spaces. It is noted that international migration denotes a shift to a foreign culture in which the values placed upon certain languages is different from one’s original country. As such, many migrants would utilise a language within their repertoire that is widely used in the world. Joshua relates his experience moving from India to Singapore: â€Å"When I first arrived in Singapore, everything was easy for me to get used to because I was already proficient in English. Even if I needed help, I could just approach anyone and they would reply me in English. I don’t even Hindi anymore because the friends and people I meet with speak only in English. Perhaps it is because there are so many races here so communication needs to be in a common language. Although I have friends from India here, they never speak in their mother tongue! Everyone would rather speak in English than Hindi! Despite Joshua’s extensive language repertoire, he only speaks in English in Singapore, thereby showing a decrease in language repertoire employed in daily life. In most cases of international migration, migrants often move from the ‘periphery’ to the ‘core’ of the world system. As one attempts to transfer one’s language repertoire from one country to another, the languages employed more frequently within the core global system would be more mobile compared to other languages. In particular, because Singapore is a multi-racial community, it requires English as a lingua franca in order to achieve cohesiveness and efficiency. Consequently, rather than expanding one’s linguistic repertoire to gain access to every community, a migrant in Singapore need only focus on speaking proficient English, which subsequently narrows his language repertoire within the host country. Parallel to one’s decrease in language repertoire, it is observed that migrants narrow their participation to a few communities that they are comfortable with. While migrants who migrate internally tend to broaden their participation in a wide array of communities, people who migrate internationally prefer to focus their efforts in interacting with a particular community where they feel most comfortable with. Joshua, expresses that: â€Å" I like to be in a place where I can interact with people well. When I came to Singapore, everybody spoke â€Å"Singlish†. It was especially hard for me to understand the jokes of my Singaporean friends. Thats why I wanted to be in a Christian group, so I went around to look for churches and even joined the varsity christian fellowship. Then I found a church cell group to be in and we could talk about common things, at least everyone there understands what I am going through when I talk about my struggles and life. I don’t meet with the Indian community much because everyone here speaks English anyway and I am more comfortable speaking in English, so when I talk about God and faith, I don’t get any puzzled looks when I am with church people† For most immigrants, being in a foreign community could be unsettling because there exists stark differences in culture that they might not understand. In Joshua’s case, not being able to understand Singlish hindered his active participation in various communities, especially in understanding humour within the sociocultural context of Singaporean society. As such, by participating in communities with specific shared beliefs that the migrant can identify with, it could be easier for him to assimilate into a new environment. Communities with shared beliefs also tend to share a similar use of register in their daily speech. Drawing on Joshua’s case of finding a christian community, a christian setting could be more comfortable for him because he understands the semantics of words such as â€Å"communion† and â€Å"faith† used frequently in that community. Additionally, by narrowing one’s participation to few communities, individuals would have more time to spend more effort on forging closer relationships within a particular communities. This in turn could be more beneficial to the migrant as this niche area of society provides a source of emotional support for the migrant in order to cope with the anxiety of being away from home. Conclusion What Joshua has experienced demonstrates the constant change of the value of language resources as he shifts between places in migration. This relative value of one’s linguistic resources is largely due to cultural and socioeconomic factors that have shaped the community to place emphasis on certain languages and speech styles. As such, an immigrant’s increase or decrease language repertoire is largely affected by the placed importance of certain languages within their host communities. In conclusion, this paper has asserts that language mobility is profoundly affected by the changing values of linguistic resources which vary from place to place, especially when there is a shift of resources from the periphery to the core of the world system. Whether one participates in a wide number of communities or chooses to focus their efforts in a single community depends on a change in one’s use of his language repertoire. References 0. Blommaert, J. (2003). Commentary: A Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/4, 2003: 607-623 0. Crystal, D. (1990). A Liturgical Language in a Sociolinguistic Perspective. In D. R.C.D. Jasper (eds),Language and the worship of the church (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 120-46 0. Laitin D. D. (1989). Language Policy and Political Strategy in India. Policy Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 3/4, Policymaking in Developing Countries (1989), pp. 415-436 0. Welch F. (1970). ‘Education in Production, Journal of Political Economy, 78 (1), January/February, 35-59

Acute Exacerbation Of A Diabetic Foot Ulcer Nursing Essay

Acute Exacerbation Of A Diabetic Foot Ulcer Nursing Essay This paper will critically analyse the care of a patient with an acute exacerbation of a long term condition. It will address the importance of carrying out a holistic assessment and will seek to justify the care plan put in place to manage the patients condition. Confidentiality has been maintained in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery guidelines (NMC 2008). Tom is a 72 year old gentleman who was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes 15 years ago. He was started on medication to manage his diabetes 7 years ago but due to his worsening blood glucose control he has since been converted to insulin one year ago. Tom had been independent with the management of his diabetes with support from his local GP surgery. Recently he developed an ulcer on his right foot with resultant wound infection which made him unable to attend his surgery. Due to the wound infection he had been finding it difficult to keep his blood sugar levels within acceptable limits so he was referred to my caseload for diabetes and wound management. Managing long term conditions has become a priority in healthcare particularly due to the increasing prevalence of diseases such as diabetes which requires a heavy use of resources (DoH 2007a, Singh Armstrong 2005). There is a need to encourage patients to be as active as possible in their care which will help reduce the need for hospital admission through empowering patients and promoting self care. There is evidence that patients who understand their condition through support from healthcare professionals and are allowed to contribute fully in their care will result in less incidence of acute exacerbation (DoH 2006). However there has been difficulty in providing the on-going support and care co-ordination in the community that could prevent crisis events from occurring in the first place. This has lead to a key focus on the ways that this can be achieved in practice through such services as community matrons, rapid response and 24 hour district nursing services (DoH 2007b). Relating this specifically to diabetes; the implementation of expert patient programmes and DESMOND (Diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed) have sought to reduce the incidence of acute exacerbations and diabetes related complications through patient education and empowerment (NHS Choices 2011a, DoH 2001a). The government have placed the care required for those with long term conditions into three main groups; case management, disease management and self care (DoH 2007b). In this case, Tom required disease management of his diabetes and self care interventions. Acute exacerbation can be defined as a medical crisis of a chronic illness (Strauss et al 1984). More recently it has been described as an acute presentation of an existing major illness (The Kings Fund 2010). In this situation Toms existing illness was diabetes and the acute presentation was the development of a diabetic foot ulcer that had become infected and affected his blood sugar control. Recent statistics show that the number of people with diabetes has risen from 1.4 million to 2.9 million since 1996 and it is expected to rise significantly over the next 15 years (Diabetes UK 2011). The research also shows that diabetic foot problems account for more hospital stays than all other diabetic related problems put together and affect between 4-10% of diabetics (NHS Diabetes 2012, DoH 2001). Preventing foot problems in diabetics has been a priority in the UK over the past 10 years which has been highlighted in government publications such as NICE guidance and the National Service Framework for Diabetes (NICE 2008, NICE 2004, DoH 2001a). Despite these publications a survey carried out in 2007 found that 23% of diabetics did not receive a foot check which has contributed to the introduction of the Putting Feet First Framework emphasising the need for appropriate assessment and management of diabetic feet (Diabetes UK 2011b). Mason et al (1999) indicate that patients who are at high risk of foot complications must be identified. The National Service Framework for Diabetes supports this view and indicates that patients must have annual foot checks and access to specialist foot care clinics with timely referrals (DoH 2001b). In my area of practice we have an integrated care pathway in place for diabetic foot wounds that aims to provide the patient with optimal care. An integrated care pathway involves a multidisciplinary approach for a specific condition that aims to ensure a seamless approach to care and helps healthcare professionals make clinical decisions (Middleton, Barnett Reeves 2001). As soon as Tom was under my caseload, I referred him straight away to the local diabetic foot clinic as the NICE guidance for foot care states that patients with an ulcer should be referred within 24 hours (NICE 2004). It was important that Tom received specialist input quickly as he currently had a localised infection which placed him at risk of systemic infection and amputation if the infection was not resolved (Edmonds Foster 2006). The foot clinic consisted of a team of podiatrists, Clinical Nurse Specialists in Diabetes, a Dietician and a Diabetologist. When Tom came back from his first appointment, he had already started on the integrated care pathway which we used as our primary documentation between services. This benefited Toms care as it improved the continuity and quality of the documentation (Roberts Middleton 2000, Renholm, Leion-Kilpi Suominen 2002). Also, due to having diabetes nurse specialists at the clinic this meant that his medication regime could be reviewed a s well as receiving specialist foot care. The aim was to reduce his blood sugar levels as the hyperglycaemia was preventing his ulcer from healing and there is a general consensus that improving glycaemic control improves wound healing and prevents the risk of acute complications (Mcintoish 2007, Meyer 1996). Through Tom seeing the multidisciplinary team in one environment and by utilising the ICP, this prevented his care from becoming fragmented. Also due to having access to specialist clinicians in the field of diabetic foot management this enabled him to receive expert advice and care. This was evident in the management of his wound infection where judicious prescribing of antibiotics took place by specialist clinicians (Timmons et al 2009). This was vital in preventing any further deterioration in Toms health and managing the acute exacerbation. Tom visited the foot clinic once a week and a wound care plan was constructed until a review needed to be carried out. This is where the importance of a holistic assessment took place taking into consideration the social, physical and psychological factors that impacted on the situation (Higgleton et al 1999). The research also indicates that the quality of holistic assessment is enhanced by ensuring the patient participates at all times (RCN 2004). By allowing Tom to contribute to the assessment process it enabled the care provided to become personalised and reflected his needs and not what we assumed them to be. Firstly it was vital that we carried out a physical wound assessment on each visit to Tom using the assessment tool in the integrated care pathway. It was important that we used the same assessment tool with an effective understanding of its use as studies have shown that nurses fail to assess wounds effectively (Dowsett 2009, Mcintosh Ousey 2008). Through using the integrated pathway it meant that all nursing staff were using the same assessment tools which ensured effective continuity of care. Nixon et al (2006) found that those who had a diabetic foot ulcer were 5.1 times more likely to have been wearing poorly fitting shoes and this was evident in Toms assessment with the Podiatrist. In the integrated pathway it was documented that he had a high degree of peripheral neuropathy after an assessment was carried out and his shoes were ill fitting. The presence of neuropathy had contributed to the formation of the ulcer as Tom was not able to feel the damaging pressure on his foot caused by inappropriate footwear. This situation needed intervention so he had full assessment of his feet and given choices on available footwear that took into account his preferences. Holistic assessment was a key factor in ensuring concordance as the footwear that the Podiatrist wanted him to wear may not have been agreeable to Tom and he may have refrained from wearing them continuously as directed. This would have lead to a further deterioration in the ulcer condition but through effective par tnership working they were able to come to a joint decision that was acceptable to Tom and the Podiatrist. This ensured that the assessment took into account his physical, social and psychological needs. Preventing deterioration in the foot ulcer had started with the assessment of his feet and footwear but it required more intervention in the form of patient education. Valk et al (2005) found that providing patients with information and education positively influences their behaviour to take responsibility for their foot health. This meant ensuring that Tom carried out things such as regular skin care and nail care and empowered him to take ownership of his care (DoH 2001).The only difficulty with checking his feet daily was that he was unable to bend down to apply any moisturising cream to his feet which was dealt with by assessing his social support network. He did not have any close relatives but he made the decision to obtain a private carer to help him with this twice a week. Toms current active foot ulcer and increased education from the multi-disciplinary team on the high risk of amputation had enabled him to make an informed decision to prevent further deterioration. Central to promoting the healing of diabetic foot ulcers is ensuring adequate nutrition (Thompson Furhrman 2005) but often the quality of nutritional assessments carried out in practice are poor (Johnstone 2006, Cartwright 2002). NICE guidance clearly states that diabetics with foot problems should receive specialist dietary advice (NICE 2008). In the foot clinic Tom was able to be seen by a dietician who was able to carry out a comprehensive assessment and plan of care that would help improve his dietary lifestyle with the aim to improve his blood sugar control. A significant factor in the nutritional assessment was that it was ongoing whereby he would see the dietician every other week to determine his progress. Tom had been managing his diabetes independently prior to his foot ulceration and it was vital that he carried on doing so where possible. Promoting self care was not simply providing Tom with relevant information and education about his condition; it was also about increasing his confidence (DoH 2009). Due to the uncontrolled blood sugars he had to be started on new insulin and he felt that he needed some support and supervision. A survey found that only 38% of diabetics received any psychological support during their care (DoH 2008) so it was at this point that we needed to provide him with the psychological and social support to sustain his self care. Together we were able to form a care plan that would be reviewed on a weekly basis. The district nursing team would visit him when his insulin was due to provide support and ensure he was injecting correctly. The support given to Tom needed to be tailored to his requirements by ensuring that information was given in the correct format (Mcintosh 2008). Those patients who have lived with diabetes for many years often have some form of reduced eyesight secondary to diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy (NHS choices 2011b). In Toms care he had reduced eyesight but he was still able to read with prescription glasses. This assessment showed that he would benefit from written leaflets but this needed to be followed up with verbal consultations. I gave him the necessary leaflets on diabetic foot care but ensured that we enabled him to ask questions if he felt this was necessary when we visited him at home. The primary aim was to meet his needs effectively and create optimal self care through education and empowerment. This assignment has critically examined the management of an acute exacerbation of diabetes with the assistance of a specialist foot clinic. Through timely referral processes, multidisciplinary input and the use of an integrated pathway it allowed the exacerbation to be controlled and managed in the community without the need for hospital care. This is particularly pertinent when the research describes the prevalence of diabetes and the intensive resources it frequently requires from secondary care to manage the acute complications of this condition. This episode of care has shown the positive effects of a specialist diabetic foot clinic which emphasises the need standardised care and access to this service across the UK. It has demonstrated how joined up care in the community helps to ensure a seamless approach to patient care in relation to a long term condition. This paper has also identified the importance of holistic assessment in the management of diabetic foot ulceration which ensures patients needs are fully addressed and assists them in achieving optimal self care. There needs to be an emphasis on educating and empowering patients but this must be provided in the correct format taking into account the patients requirements and literacy needs at all times.

The UK Property Market

The UK Property Market Residential Property The United Kingdom enjoyed serious property boom for over a decade. The property boom slowed down when the economic meltdown commenced in 2008. During the boom years the value of property in the United Kingdom soared, and in some cases the value of properties rose by over 200 percent (Cameron, 2005:5). One of the main factors for the boom was that the economy had a long period of sustained growth, furthermore the interest rates were regulated by the government and kept low. Added to these factors was an upsurge in property investments fuelled by both local and foreign investors. Finally the government kept a tight control on the number of new houses built during that period, so that effectively demand outstripped supply (Cameron, 2005:5). Currently, the bubble in the property market in the United Kingdom has burst and the market is currently undergoing some reforms. Prices are no longer rising as fast as they were some years ago and there is now an oversupply of houses in the property market as home owners are reluctant to sell in this current state. The effect of this is that supply of properties out stripes demand in residential property (Ruddick and Moore, 2010:1). The economic slowdown affected all sectors of the property market, however the price of houses in London are slowly picking up and this is due to the weak pound that has made a lot of foreign investors to come in to the UK and invest in properties (Evening Standard, March 30, 2010). Stake holders are arguing that the Carlsberg review of residential properties should be the bench mark for carrying out reforms in the residential sector as well as all the other sectors of the property market. Furthermore, the reforms currently going on is aimed at producing better and more information to customers, this lead to the introduction of the Home Owners Information Package (HIPs). The government plans to regulate the property market, especially the estate agents so that it will no longer be an all comers affairs. Finally, there is now a standards board in the property industry, although they have limited powers. On the other hand, the residential property market in Europe is different from the property market in the UK. The residential property market in the UK encourages people to buy their own homes, unlike in Europe, where the emphasis is more on long term renting (Oswald, 1999:10). Credit is readily available in the UK in order to assist home owners to buy properties, unlike in Europe where it was not easily available (Oswald, 1999:10). However all this has changed as the residential property market in Europe is undergoing some reforms that has had a great effect on the residential, commercial and industrial properties all over Europe. It appears that most European nations are copying the UK model and are now encouraging its citizens to be home owners instead of renting. Spain is a good example (Oswald, 1999:7). Furthermore, with the opening up of the EU, Europeans can now move to any EU country and acquire property, this factor has greatly affected the property market in the EU, because capital can now be moved easily and investors in one part of the EU can take advantage of cheap properties in any other part of the EU. Finally, it appears that for eight years starting from 1990, the reforms and gains of the real estate market in the United Kingdom were modelled on the system of the United States; however for six years starting from 1998, the property market in the United Kingdom appeared to be harmonized with that of its European neighbours (Lee, 2009:32). Commercial Property and Industrial Property Commercial properties are scarce in the UK and demand exceeds supply. This among other factors led to a boom in the commercial property sector. However there appears to be a slump at the moment as Commercial property in UK was also affected by the global economic down turn. However current reports indicate that the commercial property sector in the UK is picking up and investors are starting to snatch up prime commercial properties (Evening Standard, March 30, 2010). The commercial property yield in the UK is quite impressive and high compared to its European neighbours. On the other hand, commercial properties in Europe also appear to be booming. The European economy is recovering and a lot of foreign investors are investing in commercial properties in Europe (Oswald, 1999:7). The economic meltdown has also affected the growth of commercial property in Europe and the sector is also undergoing reforms just like the market is undergoing in the UK. Most EU countries have put legislation in place in order to allow real estate investment trusts (Oswald, 1999:27). This legislation will make it easier for foreign investors to invest in the commercial property sector and inject the much need funds in order to keep the commercial property sector booming. Finally the demand for industrial property is low in the UK. This is due to the fact that a lot of industries are closing down due to high cost of labour and the strong Pound Sterling. Companies are moving their operations to Europe and other areas where it will be cheaper for them to operate. While in Euro pe the demand for industrial property is booming, due to the stability of the Euro as well as the economic prosperity in the Euro Zone. Furthermore due to some recent EU Directives, setting an industry in some EU countries is now a lot cheaper and easier than it used to be. (B) The five major skills that I acquired in the university are as follows: communication skills, multi-tasking, organizing skills and time management skills, IT skills and interpersonal abilities. The main purpose of communication is to convey ones message to recipients. Good communication takes many forms such as speaking, writing and listening (Heller, 1998:6). I gained my communication skills in the university through course work presentations, seminar discussions, formal training sessions and face to face meeting with my course leader. These range of activities helped me to acquire my verbal and communication skills in the university. I improved my verbal and communications skills in the university by devoting time to the three key elements of effective communication, which are, effective initial preparation, effective structuring of my material and effective delivery of my material (King, 1992: 14). Finally, the art of getting ones message across effectively is a vital part of being a good manager (Heller, 1998:1). Communication skill will help me in future because no matter my status within an organization I will be giving instructions to my colleagues, superiors or juniors and these instructions can range from simple instructions or requests to complex instructions. I also gained IT skills and interpersonal abilities while studying in the university. We had a specialized IT unit in the university that offered training and support to students. I went for many lectures and training that the IT unit organized on campus. We had a large IT laboratory on campus and each student had a password that allowed the student access to any of the personal computers in the IT laboratory and there was always an IT specialist to offer technical support to any student that was experiencing difficulties. Inter personal abilities is basically about getting on well with your colleagues. I was in a university with people from different cultures and backgrounds. I also lived in the hostel and I had three flat mates all from different cultures and backgrounds and we to share the same living room and kitchen. These are the factors that helped me gain inter personal skills while studying in the university. The explosive growth of information technology in recent years highlights the need and importance of IT skills (Pearlson Saunders, 2006:7). In future if I work in an organisation I could be asked to take on any tasks that require different skills at different times. Finally, most organisations are now a mix of people from different cultures and backgrounds, therefore my interpersonal skills as well as communications will benefit me, if I find myself working in such multinational organisations in the future. One other skill that I gained while studying was multi-tasking and organizing skills. These two skills are essential skill (Crenshaw, 2007:15). I gained this skill by taking part in different activities in the university. As an undergraduate you are introduced to many different activities and some of them have no relationship with one another. I was introduced to so many different activities that involved different tasks to accomplish. I gained organising skills by been involved in many societies on campus. The effect of this was that I had to organise my time effectively and efficiently between my course work and my other activities on campus. This skill will help me in future due to the fact that I can cope in a busy working environment. Furthermore, I can be versatile and engage in different activities that are not related. Finally, I will be able to organize and balance my personal life and my working life. The last key skill that I acquired while in the university was time management skills. Time management is all about determining ones priorities. There is usually a lot to accomplish in the university. When you acquire this skill you can then be able to determine your priorities. I gained this skill my making a daily ‘to do list the day before and I usually organized my list in accordance with three criteria: the importance/urgency of the task, the amount of time available and the quality of time available (Morris, 1996:73). This skill enabled me to be in control of my personal life and academic life. This skill will help me function well under pressure and make me be in control of my work load in any organisation I find myself working for in future. Bibliography Cameron, G (2005) The UK Housing Market, Economic Review, University of Oxford Journal, Oxford Crenshaw, D (2007) The Myth of Multi-tasking, Key Organisations System, London Heller, R (1998) Communicate Clearly, Dorling Kindersley, London King, A.G (1992) Effective Communication, Blackstone Press, London Lee, S (2009) Is the UK real estate market converging with the rest of Europe? Journal of European Real Estate Research, Vol.2, Issue 1, 18-32 Morris, B (1996) First Steps in Management, Library Association Publishing, London Oswald, A.J (1999) The Housing market and Europes Unemployment: A Non-Technical Paper, Economic Department, University of Warwick, Warwick Ruddick, G and Moore, M (2010) UK Housing Market: Double Dip Fears, Telegraph on line can be assessed at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/houseprices/7539267/UK-housing-market-double-dip-fears-subside-slightly.html > Scott, P (1996) The property Masters: a History of the British Commercial Property Sector, Spon E FN, London

Robert Frost Home Burial - The Three Tragedies of Home Burial Essay

The Three Tragedies of Home Burial  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robert Frost’s "Home Burial" is a narrative poem that speaks of life’s tragedies. The theme of "Home Burial† centers around the death of a child. During the time period in which the poem is set, society dictated that men did not show their feelings. Therefore, men dealt with conflicts by working hard and being domineering. "Home Burial" demonstrates how one tragedy can cause another to occur. The unnamed couple in this poem has lost a baby to death. The mother grieves openly, and it could be said that she has never recovered from this loss; bereaved parents never forget, but most people in this position gradually work out a way of dealing with their grief, and go on with their lives. This the young mother cannot do. The baby is buried in the family graveyard, which is visible from an upstairs window of their house. Day after day she goes to the stairway window looking out upon the nearby family plot. The sight of the raw mound where her child lies buried reopens her grief. But, another emotion wells up as well – anger and bitterness at her husband, which is at first unexplained. The first hint of the rift between them shows up on lines twelve to thirteen, she "refused him any help, with the least stiffening of her neck and silence." Their dialogue is cold and antagonistic. "What is it—what? /Just that I see. / You don’t, she challenged. /Tell me what it is."(18-19). The death of child, which should bind husband and wife closer in their common grief, pries them apart instead (Gerber 128). In the husband’s first two lines as wells his last one, his attitude toward his wife is domineering and seems insensitive. First he tells her " he wants to know" what she keeps looking at ... ...n the mind’s eye one could see the gravel sliding back into the hole. We could actually visualize the mound getting higher. There were three different tragedies that transpired throughout this poem. The burial of the child was first; second was the burial of the marriage and finally the most symbolic and ironic tragedy is the burial of the home. Because of unfortunate circumstances these three things became closely associated with the home being buried. All of these tragedies occurred as a result of the child’s burial. The couple’s marriage could not survive such an emotional loss. Therefore the marriage becomes buried. When the marriage became buried the home became its own burial spot for this family’s life. Works Cited: Frost, Robert. 1972. "Home Burial." Robert Frost’s Poetry and Prose. Ed. Edward Connery Latham and Lawrence Thompson. New York: Holt.

Stephen Crane and Walt Whitman: The Natural and the Language of Social

Stephen Crane and Walt Whitman: The Natural and the Language of Social Protest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though in his short life Stephen Crane was never a soldier, his novel The Red Badge of Courage was commended by Civil War veterans as well as veterans from more recent wars not only for its historical accuracy but its ability to capture the psychological evolution of those on the field of battle (Heizberg xvi). Walt Whitman, on the other hand, served as a field medic during the Civil War. He was exposed perhaps to the most gruesome aspect of the war on a daily basis: the primitive medical techniques, the wounded, the diseased, the dying and the dead. Out of his experiences grew a collection of poems, "Drum Taps" , describing the horrors he had witnessed and that America suffered. As literary artists, a wide chasm of structure and style separates Crane and Whitman. The common cultural experience, the heritage of the Civil War connects them, throwing a bridge across the darkness, allowing them, unilaterally, to dispel notions of glorious battles and heroic honorable de aths. By examining Crane's Henry Fleming and the wound dresser from 'Whitman's poem of the same name, both fundamental literary differences and essential thematic consistencies emerge.    In The Red Badge of Courage, Henry Fleming was drawn to enlist by his boyhood dreams. His highly romanticized notion of war was eclectic, borrowing from various classical and medieval sources. Nevertheless, his exalted, almost deified, conception of the life of a soldier at rest and in combat began to deflate before the even the ink had dried on his enlistment signature. Soon the army ceased to possess any personal characteristics Henry had once envisioned, becoming an unthinking, dispas... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 1962. Hartwick, Harry. The Foreground of American Fiction. New York: American Book Co, 1934, p. 17-44 Rpt in Crane,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. Sculley Bradley, Richard Beatty, and E. Hudson Long Eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 1962. Schroeder, John W. "Stephen Crane Embattled," University of Kansas City Review, XVII (Winter 1950), 119 Rpt. in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. Sculley Bradley, Richard Beatty, and E. Hudson Long Eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 1962. Walcutt, C.C. American Literary Naturalism, A Divided Stream. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1952, p.66-82 Rpt in Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. Sculley Bradley, Richard Beatty, and E. Hudson Long Eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 1962. Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. New York: Bantam Books, 1983.

Tour de France Drug Abuse Essay -- Substance Abuse Essays

The question of drug use among athletes in what was previously considered by the unknowing public to be a rather pristine sport, cycling, is important in that it will affect all future Tours and will place them and the athletes under scrutiny. To begin with, in Europe until the 1998 scandal occurred, despite a few exceptions, cycling was considered a drug free sport. The 1998 drug scandal tarnished the Tour de France and the reputation and image of other sports. The media response to the scandal took differing positions on what should be done next to clean up cycling. The scandal also affected advertisements, sales, and without question the 1999 Tour and Lance Armstrong. Since even the most naà ¯ve fan no longer trusts the cyclists, drug-testing procedures have been instituted. Also, the question now arises regarding medications used by seriously ill cyclists. Certainly, future Tours will be significantly affected. The Union Cycliste Internationale and other sports officials are left with several burning questions; do they seek a better testing system? Clearly, they must protect athletes and the image of sports even though it is costly. Do they perform uniform versus random drug tests? Both are necessary to keep athletes and trainers accountable. In fact, the 1999 Tour promoted both forms of testing (Fife 208). If they do random tests, how do they enforce them? On this point, committees and sports federations are still debating. For years cycling, a grueling, yet glamorous sport in Europe, has been fighting drug use and abuse. Despite a few exceptions, cycling had the reputation, in Europe and in France, of being a clean, pure sport, compared to others, until the 1998 scandal occurred. The question of drug use among athletes in what was previously considered by the unknowing public to be a rather pristine sport, cycling, is important in that it will affect all future Tours and will place them and the athletes under scrutiny. A Clean Reputation: The History of Drugs in the â€Å"Tour de France† In 1967, Tommy Simpson, a British cyclist, died during the Tour de France because of the amphetamines that he took. Succeeding years brought embarrassments: In 1978, the Belgian Michel Pollentier was suspended while leading the Tour de France after he was caught concealing a clean urine sample to trick testers. Furthermore, in 1988, the Spaniard Pedro Delgado won the T... ...cess Story: Tour de Lance; Armstrong’s miraculous comeback from cancer to a Tour victory is worthy of an exclamation point, not a question mark.† The Los Angeles Times; Los Angeles, Calif.; 26 Jul. 1999: 1. Lemonick, Michael D. â€Å"Le Tour des drugs.† Time; New York; Aug 10, 1998: 76. MacAuley, Domhnall. â€Å"Drugs in Sport.† BMJ: British Medical Journal, 313.7051, 7/27/96, 211. Online. EBSCOhost. 16 Nov. 1999. http://www.EBSCOhost.com. Neff, Craig. â€Å"Drug sweep.† Sports Illustrated; New York, 9 Aug. 1999: 71 Pelkey, Charles ed. â€Å"Etxebarria takes Pau; Armstrong answers drug charge.† Velo-News, 21 July 1999. Phillips, Ian. â€Å"Armstrong Extends Tour Lead U.S. Star Bristles at French Media’s Drug Innuendos.† Seattle Post- Intelligencer; Seattle, Wash.; 15 Jul. 1999: E2. Velo-News. The sensational 1998 Tour de France: Conquests and Crisis. Boulder, Colorado: VeloPress, December, 1998. â€Å"Virenque admits to seeking drugs.† Velo-News Interactive. Velo-News; 11 May 1999. â€Å"Virenque released after admission.† Velo-News Interactive. Velo-News, 11 May 1999. Wilson, Stephen. â€Å"Doping Incidents Shake Sports from Swimming to Track & Field.† Seattle Post- Intelligencer, Seattle, Wash.,.1 Aug. 1998: E6.

Saving Sourdi Summary Essay

Analysis character †Nea of Saving Sourdi† by May-Lee Chai â€Å"Saving Sourdi† by May-Lee Chai, theme discusses a classic plot of the metamorphosis from childhood to adulthood. In her story, the two main characters Sourdi and Nea develop in stark contrast to one another. Nea, the younger sister, has difficulty growing up and maturing as her own life, as well as her sister’s life, progresses. Her naivety, aggression, and anxiety influence her decisions throughout the story in a negative way. Chai’s character is easily believable and relatable, everyone has had a point in their lives where they didn’t want to grow up, handled a situation poorly, or realized that their relationship with someone has changed drastically to the point of no repair. Nea, the protagonist in â€Å"Saving Sourdi†, is a tragic hero. We experience her attempts at protecting her sister and watch as they fail time and time again. Nea is a flat and static character. Throughout the story she does not change, she remains childish in her act ions and decisions. Their mother addresses this issue early on by saying, â€Å"You not thinking. That your problem. You always not think!† (Chai 70) Chai does not show us another side to Nea making her a flat character. We see her in the same light despite the life lessons she experiences in this short story. Nea is the same drastic, hardheaded child in the beginning as she is in the end. Growing and maturing is crucial in life. Some people, however, suffer from a sort of Peter Pan Syndrome. Nea can be described as an impulsive, strong-willed, and selfish adolescent who will never truly grow up. The family has never had it easy, always having to work and tolerate prejudice due to their foreign culture. Nea was forced to become a fighter early on no matter the situation. If she was a mature character, she could distinguish between when it was most sensible to simply avoid confrontation and back down. Nea is extremely protective of Sourdi. Her desire to fend for her â€Å"China Doll† sister (69) is the stem of all her decisions throughout the story. Sourdi is the prettier and more desirable sister. Chai highlights the incongruity of the sisters’ looks by solely depicting Sourdi’s beauty. By depicting Sourdi  as a China Doll so early in the story when the two men are harassing her in the family’s restaurant, Chai sets us up to believe that she needs defending and isn’t strong enough to do it herself. Nea thoroughly believes that is her role in life. As the plot progresses, however, it is easy to see that Sourdi is in fact quite strong and unbreakable. As Nea interacts with the other characters, she is always brash and rarely takes the time to understand their side of a situation. In many cases, she lies to manipulate people and her situation to achieve her selfish goals. Nea fakes her remorse about attacking the customer just to please her sister: â€Å"I was glad I’d stabbed that man. I was only crying because life was so unfair.† (72) When Nea needs to find a way to Sourdi’s home she lies to Duke about the severity of the situation because she knows deep down that it is not as bad as she wants to believe. If Sourdi was in trouble, it would ultimately mean that Nea could get her sister back. Nea fabricates this story to make up for the loss she felt when Sourdi moved on and abandoned her. She would rather believe that it was someone else who caused her sister to mature and move on than to believe it was her own fault or that it was Sourdi’s choice. â€Å"I would stay awake all night pinching the inside of Sourdi’s arm, the soft flesh of her thigh, to keep my sister from falling asleep and leaving me alone.† (72) Although her overall purpose at a glance is for Sourdi’s safety, her true ambition is wanting to keep her sister all to herself. During the story, May Lee Chai Saving Sourdi paints a picture of two extremely close sisters who have been put to the test. The pair has been relocated, put to work, and expected to mature quickly in their harsh new world. Nea is the narrator of the story, and she shares: â€Å"We used to say that we’d run away, Sourdi and me.† (72) The sisters would whisper their secrets back and forth at night, and lock themselves in the bathroom together and hide away together. As children the girls were inseparable but soon the age difference comes between them. Sourdi finds comforts in her first romance with a dishwasher, Duke, and slowly but surely Nea is left by the wayside. This distance is increased when Mr. Chhay is introduced and Nea quickly realizes that her sister is being severed from her life: â€Å"It was the beginning of the end. I should have fought harder then. I should have stabbed this man, too.† (75) In America, everyone is supposed to be equal. People are s upposed to be able to have the â€Å"American Dream† and have a successful career as well as support  a family without any trouble despite race, age, gender, or any other factors. In Ma and Sourdi’s eyes, however, they have seen their traditional culture and are still tied to those beliefs instead. Nea is much more Americanized than the other two women. Ma works very hard to support her children and in an effort to give Sourdi a better life, she makes sure she marries someone who can support her financially instead of someone like Duke who may not be as financially successful. Although she is unhappy, Sourdi understands her role and obeys her elders. Nea, who has been exposed to mostly American culture with little memories of their true roots does not understand this arrangement. As a result, she acts out and rebels against her entire family. The climax of the story occurs when Nea makes a daring attempt at saving her sister’s life. Nea’s irresponsible actions lead to an awkward situation for everyone. Nea refuses to believe that Sourdi is simply a busy woman with a child and a home to care for and immediately jumps to the conclusion that her husband is hurting her in some way. Her over active imagination gets her into trouble. She leaves home without telling her mother, lies to Duke about her true ambitions, blames Mr. Chhay for something he did not do, and creates a huge conflict over a slightly distraught phone call from Sourdi. The moment when Duke punches Mr. Chhay is the cultivation of Nea’s ill thought out plan crumbling before her eyes. Her immaturity caused an easily avoidable confrontation. Near the very end of the story, Chai shares Nea’s insight on her situation. â€Å"Sourdi looked at me then, so disappointed. I knew what she was thinking. She has grown up, and I had merely grown unworthy of her love.† (83) Nea finally realized she was being foolish the whole time. Chai’s protagonist in â€Å"Saving Sourdi†, Nea, is naà ¯ve, impulsive, and brash. She is unchanging and narrow-minded. Nea’s journey seems solely based on saving her sister when in actuality she is trying to find excuses to avoid growing up. The tragic hero fabricates false dangers to compensate her desire to be needed by her sister who has moved on with her life. Nea feels abandoned becausen Sourdi matures while she remains a child. Ma and Sourdi remain connected with traditional customs that Nea simply cannot understand due to her exposure to American culture. Her over active imagination, anxiety, and aggression get her into trouble. When Nea tries to rescue Sourdi from her husband, it is the last straw and she knows that she has lost her dear older sister for good. â€Å"She had made her choice,  and she hadn’t chosen me.† (84) Sourdi has matured and moved on while Nea is stuck in the memories of her childhood. Works Cited Chai, May-Lee. Dragon Chica: a Novel. Boston, Gemma, 2011. Fichter, M. M. et al. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa in Greek and Turkish Adolescents.† European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, vol. 237, no. 4, 1988, pp. 200–208.

Nazism vs. Fascism Essay

R.Q. To what completion were the German and Italian regimes at a lower place Hitler and Mussolini Totalitarian?i. wherefore?With this uncertainty I want to ascertain whether Hitler and Mussolini alter Germany and Italy, respectively into Totalitarian regimes. In my discretion this played a study role when looking for at traditions, re impersonateability of countries and reputations of countries. Such emotions do-nothing alike set off wars, as we so in WWII. Initi to each hotshot(prenominal)y, I feel that Dictatorships having absolute personnel e veryplace a country can cook many inconveniences for the citizens of it. Hence, I want to guess their motives and ambitions. Also, I figure that this is a very important time period in which milestones and new dimensions drive home been opened. Thirdly, I distinct on this topic beca implement I am a German citizen, who is naturally interest in the gutsground and history of ones go country.ii. What?I am discharge to i ntent a series of books written in antithetical time periods by different writers from different countries. This shows a certain im time of viewpoints, which makes the get along to this question more objective. I am as well going to use the Internet as one research option of my internal assessment.iii. I mean my essay. This can be seen in the appendix, 1) test Plan. This plan shows how I am going to attempt to accomplish my Taski. delimit national kindistsma. national socialistsm is the soundbox of g all overnmental and sparing doctrines held and put into effect by the National Socialist German Workers fellowship in the Third Reich including the totalitarian normal of government, tell apart hold back of all industries, predomination of groups assumed to be racially superior, and victory of the Fhrer1.ii. decide Fascisma. Fascism is a political philosophy, movement, or regime (as that of the Fascisti) that exalts nation and ofttimes race above the individualist a nd that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of op panorama2.iii. Define Totalitariana. Totalitarian is defined as of or relating to centralized view by an autocratic leader or hierarchy. Of or relating to a political regime found on subordination of the individual to the state and strict incorporate of all aspects of the smell and productive capacity of the nation peculiarly by coercive measures (as censorship and terrorism)3iv. each(prenominal) these definitions above atomic number 18 essential in effect to understand how totalitarianism is ab initio linked with Nazism and Fascism. These terms, Nazism Fascism and absolutism have all got the subordination of the individual to the state and the control of mind etcetera of the individual in common. The difference amongst them, moreover is that Totalitarian is purely a term describing a situation, a veritable stat e of something. Nazism and Fascism on the opposite hand, describe an ideology that developed over centuries and correcttually rule a country.When we are looking at these definitions, we discover, that both ideologies have a feature of totalitarianism innate. Therefore, initially we would say that they the states, Germany and Italy, both are totalitarian be receive the autocracy by which they are ruled is totalitarian. This must mean that the sight reckon in it because they elected this system of government, and wherefore the system must be totalitarian. This, however, is debatable. In the ongoing lines I go out question the above statement by looking closer at the two ideologies and how they became elected.i. variation of Minoritiesa. Germanyi. Minorities, such as Jews, Blacks, Gypsies and women were discriminated widely. Anything non of Indo- Aryan derivation, was inferior. Women, for example, were judge to behave just the like K,K,K-meaning Kinder, Kirche, Kche. Transl ated, Children, Church, Kitchen. In other words, they were expected to have as many infantren as viable to expand the Aryan race, buy at the religion and cook well. Jews, of course, were treated the worst, i.e. minginess camps.b. Italyi. Fascist Policy towards women was condescending. Women were non put equal to men. It was in any case anti-urban and anti-consumerist. There was kindred control and additional taxes on unmarried. This, in a way, was similar to Nazi Germany, where at that place were incentives to bear as many children as possible. It aimed to promote the superior race. Fascist polity was at the beginning not racially c at one timerned. However, when relations with Germany amendd, Mussolini adopted some anti-foreign steps. This aimed to mother the hoi polloi a feeling of favorable position over other nations and should promote the will to fight for the cause of the nation. Employment conditions for womanly workers were restricted. They were excluded from s everal workplaces.ii. Churcha. Germanyi. Germany was almost only a Christian country. Hitler realised this and did not underestimate the power the perform, as a single institution, could have on the peoples minds. Therefore, he knew it would not be wise to bang the church during his campaigns. Hence, he do an compact with the church, the Concordat, which granted the church religious freedom. This, however was only superficially. In reality, any division of the church speaking bad astir(predicate) Hitler or his party, NSDAP, was prosecuted or sent to a concentration camp. Even Church schools were influenced by Hitler the bible was replaced by Mein Kampf and the cross by the swastika.b. Italyi. In Italy the church played a more important role than in Germany because of the Pope and the Vatican being situated in Italy. Hence, Mussolini tried, aft(prenominal) 1922 when coming to power, to include the church as much as possible in the fascistic state in order to stabilise and ens ure power for his party, PNF. Catholicism was also seen as a possible threat to the emerging fascist state. Hence, a concordat was attempted to improve church-state relations. Catholicism was con gradientred the religion of most Italians, which was so deeply rooted in Italian life that could directly endanger the position of the fascist might.iii. bringing upa. Germanyi. Education in Germany was largely controlled by the Nazis. The main subjects were history, biological science and physical education. maxly of course indoctrinated and change to shine a good blowzy on the Nazi party and its expression of rule. Special schools were build for the most capable. This meant that from a very young age onwards, children in Germany were pore on the Nazi ideology, similar to the Youths, which I will piffle about in the next paragraph.b. Italyi. Education was focused on Fascist ideas and ideology. Children were improve in physical education and array training. These are just exampl es to illustrate what Mussolini treasured to achieve.iv. Youthsa. Germanyi. Various youths existed in Nazi Germany, all aiming to control the mind of German children. Hitler once described his views concerning the purpose of youths When an opponent declares, I will not come your side, I calmly say Your child belongs to us alreadyIn a goldbrick time, they will know nonentity else but this comm unit of measurementy. These programs existed for boys and girls. Boys camps were more physical, preparing for war. Girls camps were aiming to make them ardent to bear many healthy children.b. Italyi. From 1929 onwards, Mussolini focused more intensely on the control of children in his regime. He cherished to control them by education, which he stated as a right of the leading body in a totalitarian state. The Ministry of in the public eye(predicate) Instructions was changed to the Ministry of National education (ONB) in 1929. This new organisation provided pre-military training, drill an d gym. all told measures to convey a more aggressive and disciplined way of live. This program was even merged into the school curriculum. Recruitment was thusly made very easy and numerous. The Fascists valued to create an Italy were there were young chivalric men willing to fight for the cause of the nation. Their motto was Believe, Obey, Fight. This displays exactly what Mussolini was after. especially during the cracking depression, Mussolini tried to give his people a cause to turn over in. He created groups or fixed mass coming upon so that the people would experience a way of unity.v. Propagandaa. Germanyi. Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany was Goebbels. He was an able man, with enormous aims. non only wanted he the people to accept the regime. He wanted them to alienate to them, grasping the ideology. He, for the first time in history, effectively made use of the radiocommunication and press. He seized control over both. By 1932 less then 25% of the existen ce owned a radio. Hence, he made provisions for producing cheap sets of wireless radios. He called it the Volksempfnger, translated, nation-receptionist. The press seemed harder to control. The Nazi publisher-Eher Verlag-bought many of the 4,700 exist newspapers. Goebbels held a daily press throng and eventually, the Editors Law, made the seizure of the press complete. Via the radio, the Aryan race was emphasized. Jewish music was not played. People were constantly bombed with Nazi propaganda, their ideology.b. Italyi. Mussolini wanted to create an film of the new Italian. This image should be aggressive and patriotic. He also used heroic figurers from the wars to illustrate the asseverate superiority of the Italian nation.vi. Police allegea. Germanyi. The party seemed to be well nonionised and structured. Hitler himself, however, rejected any document work. at a time the question appears, how it was so sufficient? The answer is that a powerful force was performing behind the scenes. This force was the army. It consisted of the SS, short for Schutz-Staffel, the SA, short for Sturm-Abteilung, the Gestapo, known for its untamedity and posterior the SD, Sicherheitsdienst, the party internal police force. All these acted in order to maintain or restore order. The SS was once created to be Hitlers personal bodyguard. It evolved to be a unit with incredible power over, economic, political and social matters. It turned out to be an exceedingly useful tool for Hitler.b. Italyi. The military was also guaranteed a supreme status in Italy. However, the German army had become a political power whereas the Italian had not. afterwards the death of Hindenburg, Hitler was able to benefit from an exclusive oath. Mussolini never had such an opportunity under the still existing Monarchy. The Italian force acted with divided loyalties. The Italian army did not face any threats form party-army-type organizations, as opposed to the German SS and SA.vii. Power of the at tractera. Germany/Italyi. Both, der Fhrer and il duce, were charismatic and pushful men. They had a set aim which they wanted to achieve no matter what the terms was. They managed to elate masses so that they would nigh believe anything they said. These are, among others, characteristics a strong attractor must have in order to be successful. Hitler was not only ordained chancellor but became President after Hindenburgs death. He also name himself Chief-Commander of all armed forces. This gave him the mere control over many bodies.i. Weigh factors against each othera. Germany vs. Italyii. Conclusiona. When looking back at my research and all the study I collected during it, I conceive of it is fair to say that both ideologies and those implementing it, varyed the respective countries to a large extent into totalitarian regimes.Although, I would say that this phenomena did not occur in the conventional way. By definition, a totalitarian regime controls either aspect of life . When looking at the importee they came to power and the day they left, a great difference in many senses can be seen. Especially, when looking at how they controlled the peoples minds. Propaganda, Force, Speeches, youths and contrast are all factors, which increased their influence. This integrated so quickly into the respective countries roots, so that it was inevitable that people would eventually believe what they heard.They would also obey by it because they the how brutal their measures could be. Power conveyed and achieved by force was one feature in these regimes. The other intend was propaganda. New technology, new innovations enabled them to convey their messages and slogans whenever they wanted. They could also reach every member of their partnership. They not only controlled adults. One of their ideas was to transform the young so that their ideology would be carried further with the next generation.1 http//www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/ dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=Nazism2 http//www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=fascism3 http//www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=totalitarian