Life Span Perspective

The process of human development starts as early as the embryonic stage and continues to progresses throughout life. These changes have been examined by leading theorist in the Psychology field who were looking to establish guiding principles and concepts. There have been a number of developmental theories that seek to explain the questions that we have related to human development. I will examine these theories, as well as, provide backgrounds for the most influential theorist for each.I will also examine the life span perspective and how heredity and the environment influence the human development. One of the most leading theories of human development is the psychoanalytic theory. Many contemporary theories of counseling or psychotherapy are extensions, variations, or responses against psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalytic theory examines the factors that motivate behavior by focusing on the role of the unconscious. Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are examples of theorists who suppo rt this approach.Freud was an innovator, his psychoanalytic theory of personality and his psychosocial placement theory lead to his predecessors' development of their own philosophies. Erik Erikson expanded on Fraud's theories in many ways and created his own theory of psychosocial development. â€Å"Psychoanalytic theory's strength lies in its awareness of unconscious motivation and the importance of early experiences on development. † (Rounds, 2010) Since there is a lack of concrete evidence to support the claims of psychoanalytic theory, psychologists became increasingly interested in developing a more scientific approach.In order to do this, some researchers began to study only those things that could be measured and quantified. This led to the beginning of learning theories. Learning theories focus on how behavior is learned. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian scientist who discovered the term classic conditioning. Classic conditioning is a learning process that occurs through as sociations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Pavlov conducted his experiment by using mammals, he observed the digestive process in dogs and the relation between salvia and food.His study was extremely influential in establishing triggers (conditioned responses) that stimulated the salvia when feeding the dogs. He name to realize that the dogs began to salivate not only when they saw food but when they saw the scientist in lab coats. The dogs associated food to the white lab coats which triggered the salvation. He also conducted an experiment with the use of a bell. He would ring a bell when it was time to eat and subsequently the same conditioned responses were stimulated and the dogs reacted in the same manner as in the lab coat experiment.His developments influenced American psychologist John Watson experiment on a nine month old baby named Albert. He wanted to prove that classic conditioning work on humans as well. His famous study for this wa s called the Little Albert Experiment in which he theorized that children have three basic emotional reactions: fear, rage, and love. He wanted to prove that these three reactions could be artificially conditioned in children. Watson used Albert to test his theory.He repeatedly presented Albert a rat in conjunction with a sudden, loud noise to classically condition fear of the rat. He went on to prove that humans can be conditioned as well. His worked formed ideas that would become a whole branch of psychology called behaviorism. (Watson, 1913) Behaviorism operates on the principle f stimulus- response, the subject whether human or mammal can have his/her behavior shaped through positive or negative reinforcements.Behaviorism conclude that any being can be trained to perform any task, subsequently internal stimulus such as; genetic background, personality traits, and internal thoughts are no- factors when considering this school of thought. Many critics of behaviorism argue that it is, a one dimensional approach to human behavior. Many say that it misses the mark when it comes to other factors such as free will and internal influences like moods, thoughts, and feelings. Lifespan perspective is in relationship with human development, and is lifelong. This study within psychology is continuous.Lifespan perspective has three developmental domains. These domains are physical domain, cognitive domain, and social domain. Physical development refers to the growth of the body, organs, physical systems, signs of aging, change in motor abilities, and all physical changes (Salesman & Rider, 2009). The next development has problem- solving, mental process, memory, perception, language, and learning from the cognitive development. The last developmental stage is psychosocial stage; this stage endless the personal and interpersonal aspect of development.The developmental aspects for psychosocial are: emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills, motives, family roles, relationships, and society. Lifespan development also has five characteristics useful for understanding any age of human development (Berger, 2008). Multidimensional characteristics accounts for change in every direction, as change does not have to be in a straight line. Embedding in lives of humans context can include constraints, family patterns, and historical conditions this characteristic offers to multi-contextual characteristics.The last of the five developmental characteristics is plasticity, which states that every person has traits that can be altered at any point in life, and change is ongoing (Berger, 2008). In conclusion, human development is continually changing its guidelines and principles. As we evolve so does the techniques and developmental theories. The human personality can be trained and cultivated to be whatever the influencer desires. We have also learned that the impact from the environment as well as heredity plays an important role in each individual's li fespan development.

If marijuana were legalized in California What effect would it have on Essay

If marijuana were legalized in California What effect would it have on public health, economy and society - Essay Example This is a debate that concerns a wide cross-section of society ranging from cannabis users (both medicinal and recreational), law enforcement agencies, parents as well as politicians. There is also a diverse view on the substance and on the matter of legalization ranging from demands for criminalization, partial legalization and absolute legalization. This can also lead to constraints in reaching the audience, as pre-existing biases may be impenetrable. In California this debate has once again received prominence after Assembly member Tom Ammiano presented a bill which called for the legalization and taxation of Marijuana. In order to answer the controversial question of: Should Marijuana be legalized in California? We will take a closer look at the various viewpoints on the subject. Criminalization In 1913 the Pharmaceutical board of California decided to impose a restriction on the pharmaceutical use of cannabis. By 1937 the use of cannabis became federally prohibited. This hostile attitude towards cannabis began in the early part of the 20th century according to Isaac Campos when news wires of the dangers of the drug began flooding in from Mexico. This came at a time when there was already a campaign underway, which sought to eliminate all sorts of vices from American society. There was a strong belief at the time that the use of cannabis lead to criminal levels of insanity and that it was actually a menace to society (â€Å"The Odd History of Marijuana In The US†). This became the central theme in anti-cannabis propaganda that existed for many decades to come. Other beliefs of the proponents of criminalization include the idea that cannabis is a gateway drug that leads to crime. This idea was heavily supported by the Reagan administration, which zealously sought to remove marijuana and other drugs from society. What can certainly be proven is that youths that use the substance are at increased risk of mental disorders, poor academic achievement, crim inal activities and reduced life opportunities (Hall, Pacula 125). In order to debunk a popular argument of the proponents of legalization that legalization will lead to increased tax revenues (this will be explained in greater detail later in the paper). The RAND Corporation conducted research that would predict the effect of legalization on tax revenues and market prices in California. According to logic model they employed it was found that not only would marijuana production increase but so would consumption as a result of lower prices. Furthermore, it may not even lead to the projected 1.4 billion dollars in tax revenues as the possibility of evasion is not taken into consideration (RAND Corporation 15-27). Legalization For Medicinal Use Using Marijuana has several medicinal values and it can be used as an analgesic, anti-convulsant, anti-spasmodic and anti-emetic agent. These properties of cannabis have been used throughout time. It is used, primarily to help provide relief fo r symptoms to diseases rather than as a cure itself, such as the severe nausea caused by chemotherapy for cancer patients (Hall, Pacula 165-170). California currently allows the sale and use of cannabis for medicinal purposes in a limited capacity, however the federal government sees all cannabis related activity as illegal and frequently prosecutes medical marijuana distributors in

Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Individual Project - Essay Example It is due to the reason that the values and choices of different cultures are extensively unparallel and a single product or service with it common features are somewhat inefficient to satisfy the needs of these ethnic groups. For instance, the failure of Walt Disney’s marketing strategy adapted especially focussing on the Eastern Region comprising of Mainland China and Hong Kong was due to the company’s misinterpretations of the cultural diversities of these two economies. To be included, both the cultures enjoy vacations for two-three days during the Lunar New Year which was categorised as the special days by the company. In this case, the company issued large number of discount tickets to both the ethnic groups in 2006. This incidentally increased the number of eligible customers to an amount which was uncontrollable by the company and therefore headed to a dramatic failure of the company’s marketing scheme (Bradsher, 2006). Apart from Walt-Disney, there are n umerous companies operating in the multicultural market which have faced various issue related to the concept of multicultural marketing. ... Critical Issues Faced by Managers Evidences reveal that marketing is not the same as it was according to the traditional notions. Today, marketing has grown to be much wider and complex in its realistic practices accumulating numerous variables ranging from the customers’ income level to their needs and their cultures as well. It is due to the fact, that marketing at present is all about serving the customers according to their needs and choices in order to gain a certain amount of profit and achieve the optimum organisational goal. Therefore, it is quite essential for a marketer to know the targeted market, i.e. its cultural perceptions along with the economic values. It is in this context that managers, as marketers and leaders of an organisation face certain major issues while executing their marketing strategies focussing on a multicultural paradigm (Trompenaars & Woolliams, 2004). Ethical Issues Ethical challenges are one of the major issues faced by the managers in order to serve their ultimate customer group in a multicultural market. There are various influencing factors affecting the strategic philanthropy of multicultural marketing active in the given business environment of an organisation. Notably, globalisation is one such factor influencing the strategic decisions of marketers in virtue of multicultural dimensions. For instance, the total amount of world trade was recorded to grow more than six times from 1950 to 2000. As a result, the annual outflow of FDI increased to a record height of $1.3 trillion in the year 2000. This certain fact depicts the expansion of business in global terms and its long-lasting affect on the

Immigration Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Immigration Debate - Essay Example This essay Immigration Debate discusses the issues of illegal immigrants and the corresponding US laws. Traditionally, immigrants to the U.S. were less likely than those born in America to collect welfare. This historic arrangement has radically changed over the past three decades. Today, immigrant families are at least 50 percent more likely to receive federal benefits than those born in this country. Additionally, immigrants are more likely to adapt their lives to rely on the welfare system and studies have shown the longer immi ¬grants stay in the U.S., the more likely they are to be on welfare. To further aggravate the situation, when an illegal immigrant becomes a citizen, he can legally bring his parents who also have the right to become citi ¬zens. Approximately half of current illegal immigrants do not possess a high-school level education. Welfare use among this group and for low-skill immigrants granted amnesty is three times the rate for the U.S. born citizens. The hea ted rhetoric of the immigration debate has caused many to become fearful that their standard of life will dramatically decrease if the estimated 12 million illegal immigrants are permitted to stay in the country, so much so that there is a growing movement to disallow citizen status to the children of illegal immigrants born in the U.S. The 14th Amendment addresses this issue. â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside†.

The Comprehensive Insight into the Corporation BBC Case Study

The Comprehensive Insight into the Corporation BBC - Case Study Example British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) remains the leading broadcaster in the entire United Kingdom. The company engages in the running of various public global Television stations, digital and cable channels, and worldly radio networks. The BBC One channel is the biggest and provides a broad range of news and entertainment programming. The company broadcasts radio programming through the BBC World Service option in languages that exceed thirty around the globe. Dramas and comedies by the company come in other channels including the discovery channel that aim at reaching particular audiences. This report outlines the major strategic challenges faced by BBC at the stage describes in the case study provided. This results in likely options for future development and growth of the overall corporate strategy generating sustainable competitive advantage for BBC. Other features entail the cultural concepts following implementation of the new strategic approach developed by Greg Dyke. The pa per takes the initial step of assessing challenging factors for BBC covering capabilities, environment, and purpose. This will be crucial in comprehending detailed view of the strategic position taken by the corporation. This analysis leads to a more precise definition of the final future strategic development plan and concepts. The original aim of the British Broadcasting Corporation is to educate, inform, and entertain. It operates on the path line of being the most creative institution around the globe and strives to pursue the same vision through all available means. Values pursued by the company are impartiality and independence, internal collaborations and diversity, value for money, as well as delivery of quality services. These values remain central to the growth and development of BBC as a service company that remains dominant in the United Kingdom and a market leader in the world as well.

The rise of Christianity was important to the growth of the late Roman Research Paper

The rise of Christianity was important to the growth of the late Roman period. How did the Church help continue civilization after the fall of the Western Empire - Research Paper Example Paul was an apostle who travelled across the Roman Empire in 30 years to preach Christianity to some of the important cities of the empire. Some of the cities such as Philippi, Athens, and Corinth consisted of thousands of desperate and poor people who were thought to be the perfect audience for the message of Christianity that supported eternal life. Paul went to the homes of these people and preached the message of Jesus. However, Jesus only went to the Jews while Paul took his message to the non-Jews as well. Christianity tended to ease the rules and adopted a more relaxed approach towards the ancient laws about circumcision and food. The Jewish traditions were greatly led down due to this but this was the main reason for the widespread of Christianity. As the Christian movement focused on non-Jewish members as well, the rules were changed from the strict ones to the relaxed ones so that Jews could adopt them. However, gradually Christianity had been adopted as a separate and new religion. As Christianity gained importance in Rome, the failings of Emperor Nero were hidden under Christians who were a far easier target. Christians were few in Rome by then even and they were now highly suspicious. Christians had become an easy target and their rituals were mistaken commonly. Nero, in this time, tortured the Roman Christians by throwing them to wild animals, burning them alive, or crucifying them1. However, even after this persecution, the Christian religion prevailed and although it did not repeat in other areas and was brief, it became more organized over the time. By 323 AD, Christianity had become the official religion in the Roman Empire. Ever since then, the Christianity and Catholic Church played a significant role in establishing and forming the Western Society. Throughout the history of the Catholic Church, it has been seen as a source of inspiration of social services such as medical care and schooling,

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Research Paper Example Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is caused by infectious agents known as prions. Prions are a form of proteins which are common in the human body and usually harmless. But, when prion proteins are misshaped or folded they become infectious causing nearby healthy cells to replicate the abnormal shape. While the contaminated cells quickly deteriorate tissue, the brain forms holes leaving the texture so drastically altered it resembles that of a sponge. The rare disease can be transmitted a multitude of ways such as by contamination, sporadically or through inheritance. Transmission through contamination is classified as those which contract the disease after being exposed to infected tissue during surgeries, such as cornea transplants. Consisting of less than 10% of all cases, risk of exposure is low, yet still possible due to the ability of infectious agents to withstand typical sterilization practices of medical equipment. The majority of cases, approximately 85%, are attributed to the sporadic occurrence of CDJ where the disease presents spontaneously and not attributed to another form of transmission. Some cases are deemed inherited when found in patients testing positive for certain mutated genes or with a family history of CDJ. This category includes the majority of cases seen in younger patients, some being in their late twenties. Symptoms Accurate diagnosis of Creutzfekd-Jakob disease is only possible by brain biopsy or autopsy. Few biopsies are performed due to danger to the patient, inability to ensure the section removed is from a currently infected area and the chance of others contracting the disease through exposure to the infected brain tissue.